Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the pharmacological targets for parasites?
|
1. Unique Essential Enzymes found only in parasites
2. Enzymes indispensible only in parasites 3. Indispensible biochemical fxns common to both parasite and host, however w/ different pharmacological properties. |
|
What form of the influenza virus infects humans only and what form infects all mammals?
|
Humans only: B
All mammals: A |
|
What are the 5 agents used to treat Influenza A and respiratory viruses?
|
-Amantadine
-Oseltamivir -Ribavirin -Rimatadine -Zanamivir |
|
MOA of Amantadine?
|
Inhibits uncoating of viral RNA w/in the infected sell which prevents replication.
*Rimantadine is 4x's more potent) |
|
ADE's of Amantadine?
|
-N/V
-CNS: Nervousness, Insomnia |
|
MAO of Osteltamivir?
|
Is a Neuraminidase inhibitor, so it interferes with the release of prgency influenza virus from the infected cell to the new host.
*Prevents the spread of infection |
|
What strain(s) or Influenza is Osteltamivir active against?
|
A & B
*Requires early administration to minimize replication. |
|
What agents are availavle to treat HSV and VSV infections?
|
-Acyclovir
-Valacyclovir -Famciclovir -Penciclovir -Docosanol -Trifluridine |
|
What viruses does acyclovir tx?
|
-HSV-1
-HSV-2 -VZV |
|
What must happen for acyclovir to be activated?
|
-Must be phosphorylated (by thymidine kinase)
*active metabolite only accumulates in the infected cells |
|
MOA of acyclovir?
|
Inhibits viral DNA synthesis by:
1. Competition w/ deoxyGTP for viral DNA polymerase, resulting in binding to the DNA templateas an irreversible complex. 2. Chain termination following incorporation into the viral DNA |
|
What is acyclovir the DOC for?
|
-Herpes Simplex encephalitis
-Neonatal HSZ infection -Serious HSV or VZV infections |
|
What leads to acyclovir resistance?
|
-Alteration in viral thymidine kinase or DNA polymerase
*Cross resistance to Valacylovir, famciclovir, and ganciclovir |
|
ADE's of acyclovir?
|
-Nausea
-Diarrhea -HA -If given IV: reversible renal dysfunction or neurologic toxicity (tremors, delirium, seizures) |
|
What drug used to treat HSV is a diacetyl ester PRODRUG of 6-deoxypenciclovir?
|
Famciclovir
*After PO admission it is converted by 1st pass metabolisn to penciclovir. |
|
What must happen for famciclovir to be activated?
|
Phosphorylation by thymidine kinase (same as acyclovir)
|
|
How is famciclovir's MOA similar to acyclovir?
|
-Competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase to block DNA synthesis, BUT it does not cause chain termination.
|
|
ADE's of Famciclovir?
|
-HA
-Diarhhea -Nausea |
|
What drug is the L-valyl ester of acyclovir?
|
-Valacylcolvir
*Rapidly converted to acyclovir after PO admin by intestinal and hepatic 1st pass metabolism |
|
Compare the half lives of acyclovir and valacyclovir.
|
Acyclovir: 3 hrs
Valacyclovir: 30 mns |
|
ADE's of Valacyclovir?
|
-N/V
-Rash -Agitation -Dizziness -HA -Liver enzyme elevation -Anemia *At high doses: Hallicinations and Seizures |
|
What 4 agents are topical and tx HSV?
|
1. Acyclovir (IV and PO also)
2. Docosanol (Herpes labialis) 3. Penciclovir (Recurrent Herpes labialis 4. Trifluidine (Herpes keratitis, acyclovir-resistant HSV) |
|
What is Foscarnet indicated for and how is it administered?
|
-Acyclovir-resistant HSV and VZV
-IV |
|
Who is more susceptible to infection by CMV and what does CMV cause?
|
-Immunocomprimised individuals(AIDS or organ transplant)
-Causes: 1. Retinitis 2. Colitis 3. Esophagitis 4. CNS dz 5. Pneumonitis *CMV can be passed to the fetus |
|
What are the 4 main agents used to tx CMV?
|
1. Ganciclovir (IV,PO, intraocular implant)
2. Valganciclovir (PO only) 3. Foscarnet (IV only) 4. Cidofovir (active diphosphate)(IV only) |
|
MOA of Foscarnet?
|
Direct inhibition of DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and HIV reverse transcriptase directly w/o requiring activation by phosphorylation.
*Is an inorganic pyrophosphate compound. |
|
What agents are used to treat CMV retinitis?
|
1. Valganciclovir (PO)
2. Ganciclovir (IV, PO, Intraocular) 3. Foscarnet (IV) 4. Cidofovir (IV) |
|
What agents are used for prophylaxis of CMV?
|
1. Valganciclovir (PO)
2. Ganciclovir (PO) |
|
What cells does HIV infect?
|
1. T helper cells (CD4+)
2. Macrophages 3. Dendritic cells |
|
What does HAART stand for?
|
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
|
|
What are the 2 main categories of Antiretroviral Agents?
|
1. Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Trancriptase Inhibitors (NRTI)
2. Nonnucleotide Reverse Trancriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) |
|
What is the only drug we talked about that is a Fusion Inhibitor used to treat HIV?
|
Enfuvirtide
|
|
What is the "Triple Treatment" of AIDS chemotherapy?
|
-2 inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase
-1 protease inhibitor |
|
What is the most commonly used HAART drug combination?
|
-1 NRTI
-1 NNRTI -1 Protease inhibitor |
|
List some examples of Triple Treatment for HIV.
|
1. AZT(azidothymidine)+3TC (lamivudine)+Crixivan
2. AZT+d4T(stavudine)+Invirase 3. 3TC+NVP(nevirapine)+Norvir 4. d4T+DMP(efavirenz)+Viracept 5. ABV+DMP+Agenerase |
|
What are the drugs that make up Combivir?
|
AZT+3TC
|
|
What are the drugs to tx Hepatitis B?
|
1. Lamivudine
2. Adefovir 3. Entecavir 4. Interferon Alfa 2b |
|
What are the drugs to tx Hepatitis C?
|
1. Ribavirin
2. Interferon Alfa 2b 3. Interferon Alfa 2a |