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43 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Set Point

Goal; reference point; what the internal environment SHOULD be

Feedback Information

Actual; What the internal environment IS

Error Signal

Any deviation between the feedback information compared to the set point

effectors

effect change in the internal environment; a control system

Control Systems

controlled by commands from the regulatory systems

Regulatory System

Obtain, process, and integrate information, then issues commands

Sensors

provides the feedback information to be compared to the internal set point

Negative Feedback

most common use of sensory information; counteracts the influence that created the error signal

Positive Feedback

amplifies a reaction; increases deviation from set point; reaches a limit and terminates quickly



(i.e. peeing, pooping, sexual behavior, child birth)

Feedforward Information

changes the set point; this information takes precedence over the current set point; predicts a change in the internal environment before it occurs


Epithelial Tissue

creates boundaries between the inside and the outside of the body and in between body compartments; line the blood vessels and make up various ducts and tubules



roles: filtration and transportation across barriers; proved info to nervous system (taste and smell receptors)

Stratified Epithelial

layers

Columnar Epithelial

single layer of tall, densely packed cells

Muscle Tissue

most abundant in the body and use the most energy produced; contain the protein polymers myosin and actin

Actin and Myosin role

interact to cause muscle cells to contract and exert force

Skeletal Muscle

Attached to the skeleton; voluntary and involuntary; locomotion and other body movements


Cardiac Muscles

in the walls of the heart; involuntary; responsible for the beating of the heart and pumping blood; branched (gives structural support and strength)

Smooth Muscle

Lines the gut, and other hollow organs; involuntary; generation of forces in hollow organs such as gut bladder and blood vessels

Connective Tissue

cells embedded in extracellular matrix that the secrete; protein fibers (Collagen, elastin, cartilage and bone, adipose, and blood) that provide a netlike framework, giving shape and structural strength

Collagen

strong and resistant to stretch; 25% of total body protein; skin and connections between bones and muscles

Elastin

can stretch several times its size and recoil; in the walls of lungs and large arteries (in organs that stretch regularly)

Cartilage

network or collagen fibers embedded in a flexible matrix consisting of a protein carbohydrate complex and a chondrocyte; lines the joints of vertebrates; resistant to compressive forces; provides structural support for flexible structures (external ears and nose)

Adipose

"fat"-- stores lipids; major source of stored energy; cushions organs, and provides a barrier to heat loss

Nervous Tissue

Composed of glial cells (NO electric signals) and Neurons

Glial Cells

NO electric signal but provide supporting functions to neurons

Neuron

Made up of the cell body, axon, and dendrites; encode info as electrical signals and release chemicals (neurotransmitters); control the activities of most organs;

Q10 = 1

not temperature sensitive

Q10 = 2

rate doubles as temp increase by 10 C

Q10 = 3

rate triples as temp increases by 10 C

Q10

measures temperature sensitivity; most values are between 2 and 3; not all biochemical reactions that constitute the metabolism have the same Q10 (which is why change in animals body temp is disruptive)

Acclimatize

the process that means metabolic functions are less sensitive to long term changes in temperature than to short term

Ectotherm

animals whose body temps are determined primarily by external heat sources; behavioral thermoregulation most

Endotherm

animals who regulate their body temps by producing heat metabolically or by using active mechanism of heat loss; (i.e. mammals and birds most of the time); "leaky" cells; use more energy to keep the concentration gradient; behavioral thermoregulation to stay comfy

Heterotherm

Behaves like an ectotherm at times and an endotherm at other times; (i.e. mammals that hibernate)

Endotherm vs. Ectotherm

cells of endotherms are less efficient at using energy than the cells of ectotherms; cells of endotherms tend to be more "leaky"; Endotherms must expend more energy than ectotherms to maintain the ion concentration gradients; difference in resting metabolic rate and response to change in environmental temp

K+

dominant positive ion INSIDE cell

Na+

dominant positive ion OUTSIDE cell



"naaaaaaa man, leave"

Radiation

Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via the exchange of inferred radiation


(i.e. fire)

Convection

Heat transfers to a surrounding medium such as air or water as that medium flows over a surface


(i.e. wind chill); heat can enter body this way too ((-) in the energy budget)


Conduction

Heat transfers directly when objects of two different temps come into contact; heat can enter body this way too ((-) in the energy budget)

Evaporation

Heat transfers away from a surface when water evaporates on that surface


(i.e. sweating)

Energy budget

total balance of heat production and heat exchange; heat coming in = metabolism and solar radiation; heat going out = Radiation, convection, conduction, and evaporation;

How is blood flow to the skin work?

heat from the body core is brought to the skin by the blood and is lost to the environment via the 4 heat loss avenues and brings the body temp down; stop the flow and heat loss by constricting the blood vessels