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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
one motor neuron together with all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates is a motor unit. the neurotransmitter released at the motor unit is
acetylcholine dopamine epinephrine seratonin |
acetylcholine
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A reflex arc wherein afferent fibers synapse directly onto motor neurons are called monosynaptic fibers. which interneurons are found in monosynaptic reflexes?
inhibitory excitatory inhibitory and excitatory no interneurons in monosynaptic reflex |
no interneurons in monosynaptic reflex
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a withdrawal reflex is an actin that moves an affected limb away from a harmful stimulus. For this action to occur, the painful stim must do what first?
bypass dorsal root ganglion activate motor cortex activate sensory cortex first activate spinal reflexes so that muscles that direct the withdrawal from the painful stim will be activated |
activate spinal reflexes so that muscles that direct the withdrawal from the painful stim will be activated
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The activation of neurons to one muscle with the simultaneous inhibit of neurons to its antagonist is called reciprocal innervation. For this to occur, which is needed?
activation of agonist is due to activation of inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord activation of antagonist is due to activation of inhibitory interneurons in the motor cortex simultaneous avtivation of agonist and antagonist by excitatory interneurons simultaneous avtivation of agonist and antagonist by excitatory and inhibitory interneurons respectively |
simultaneous avtivation of agonist and antagonist by excitatory and inhibitory interneurons respectively
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interneurons are unique among the neuronal cell groups in that they do what?
produce only graded potentials and not action potentials comprise 90% of spinal cord neurons and have no mitochondria comprise 90% of spinal cord neurons and use glycolysis as their energy source All correct |
all correct
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A form of hypertonia in which increased muscle contraction is continual and the resistance to passive stretch is constant is rigidity. What causes this?
hyperactivation of alpha motorneurons independent of any stimuli activation of muscle spindles that are hypoactive activation of muscle spindles that are hyperactive activation of muscle spindles that no longer receive signals from autonomic ganglia |
activation of muscle spindles that are hyperactive
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what causes hypertonia?
increased activity of alpha motor neurons decreased activity of alpha motor neurons due to removal of spinal reflexes decreased activity of alpha motor neurons due to lack of energy. hence the patient has muscle atrophy first then hyporeflexia decreased activity of the alpha motor neurons due to lack of signals from higher pathways |
decreased activity of the alpha motor neurons due to lack of signals from higher pathways
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There is a slight and uniform resistance when skeletal muscle is stretched by external force, called muscle tone, due to?
activity of alpha motorneuron independent of sensory signal activity of the alpha motorneuron dependent primarily on muscle spindle tone which is determined by its alpha motorneurons activity of the alpha motorneuron dependent primarily on muscle spindle tone which is determined by its gamma motorneurons activity of the alpha motorneuron dependent primarily on muscle spindle tone which is determined by sensory signals going solely to the cerebellum |
activity of the alpha motorneuron dependent primarily on muscle spindle tone which is determined by its gamma motorneurons
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When muscles are excited at almost the same time, its called coactivation. However, this is not common because?
reflexes will inhibit the antagonist when the agonist is activated reflexes will inhibit the agonist when the antagonist is activated coactivation is common since motor signals from the brain can cause both agonist and antagonist to fire at the same time coactivation is common primarily in stroke patients and not in normal subjects since the hyperreflexia of the stroke patient causes coactivation |
coactivation is common since motor signals from the brain can cause both agonist and antagonist to fire at the same time
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All parts of the cerebral cortex that act together to control muscle movement is called sensorimotor cortex. Because of this arrangement, what is correct?
sensory signals from muscle must be received before any motor activity can be initiated all motor activity has a conscious sensory component complicated motor movements can be directed from the sensorimotor cortex the hierarchy of motor signals is that they start in spinal cord and then migrate to the sensorimotor cortex in normal subjects |
complicated motor movements can be directed from the sensorimotor cortex
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Tilting of the subject in figure 10-14 (quiz q) when he raises left leg and still remains vertical without losing balance illustrates the importance of ____________ for posture.
anticipatory signals that will stabilize his right leg anticipatory signals that will stabilize his left leg but not activate any other muscles anticipatory signals that will stabilize his left leg and will activate other muscle groups in his body inhibitory signals to the alpha motorneurons of his left leg that will stabilize his left leg so that it will not be influenced by the right leg |
anticipatory signals that will stabilize his right leg
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You have been bitten by a mosquito and it causes exquisite pain. Which neuroanatomical component will need to be activated first so that your sensory cortex can sense the pain of the bite?
afferent neurons thalamus the first place pain signals are sensed by your patient is sensory cortex brainstem |
thalamus
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What muscle actions occur during a crossed extensor reflex (stepping on a nail)?
contralateral flexor and extensor muscles both contract producing coactivation ipsilateral extensor muscle contracts and the ipsilateral flexor muscle relaxes and in this manner, the extensor will more you away from the stimulus ipsilateral extensor muscle relaxes and the ipsilateral flexor muscle contracts allowing withdrawal of limb from the stimulus contralateral extensor muscle relaxes and the contralateral flexor contracts allowing withdrawal |
ipsilateral extensor muscle relaxes and the ipsilateral flexor muscle contracts allowing withdrawal of limb from the stimulus
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In the motor cortex, sites controlling an individual muscle are not located together but are distributed over a wide area. What is true?
arms have the largest representation in the motor cortex legs have the largest representation in the motor cortex external genitalia have the largest representation in the motor cortex lips have the largest representation in the motor cortex |
lips have the largest representation in the motor cortex
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Parkinsons disease is caused by decrease in _______, which is released by neurons in the ______.
dopamin, substantia nigra ACh, substantia nigra dopamine, basal nuclei ACh, basal nuclei |
dopamine, substantia nigra
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Active stretch of a muscle by an external load activates the spindle stretch receptors and ________ the rate of APs being transmitted to the afferent nerve. Voluntary contraction of extrafusal fibers removes tension on the stretch receptros and _______ the rate of APs
decrease, increase increase, decrease decrease, no affect increase, no affect |
increase, decrease
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Active stretch of a muscle by an external load activates the spindle stretch receptors and ________ the rate of APs being transmitted to the afferent nerve. Voluntary contraction of extrafusal fibers removes tension on the stretch receptros and _______ the rate of APs
decrease, increase increase, decrease decrease, no affect increase, no affect |
increase, decrease
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Which of the following is/are correct regarding hypotonia?
condition of abnormally low muscle tone caused by increased gamma motor neuron activity infrequetly accompanies disorders of the alpha motor neuron spasms and cramps occur suddenly primarily a psychological diagnosis since hypotonia is associated with depression |
spasms and cramps occur suddenly
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What is a motor unit comprised of?
motor neuron motor neuron and all its skeletal muscles motor neuron pool, motor neuron and all its skeletal muscles motor nueron and motor neuron pool |
motor neuron and all its skeletal muscles
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The postural system must be able to maintain an upright posture in the presence of gravity. Which of the following sensory systems is most sensitive to gravitational changes
vision semicircular canals audition stretch receptors |
semicircular canals
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Afferent info about the position of the body and its parts in space is processed in the cerebral cortex and is called proprioception. In space flight astronauts who are in space for 30 days or longer lose this orientation. What causes this?
decrease in firing by all sensory receptors decrease in processing of afferent signals in sensorimotor cortex decrease in adaptation of gravity receptors inactivatoin of various receptros in space leadeing to less info being processed by the sensorimotor cortex |
inactivatoin of various receptros in space leadeing to less info being processed by the sensorimotor cortex
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A person who is myopic is nearsighted. What is true about this condition?
cant see as far as normal person cant see as near as normal person eyeball is too short primarily produced by abnormalities of the retina to process images |
cant see as far as a normal person
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Hyperopic is farsighted. What is correct?
condition caused by eyeball being too short condition caused by eyeball being too long focal point is in front of the retina condition of malformation of the lens |
condition caused by eyeball being too short
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Astigmatism is?
condition in which the lens loses its opacity and becomes cloudy is a disease in which retinal cells are damaged as a result of increased pressure within the eye is a disease in which the lens lose their elasticity condition in which defects in vision occur when the lens or cornea does not have a smoothly spherical surface |
condition in which defects in vision occur when the lens or cornea does not have a smoothly spherical surface
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Nystagmus is condition with large jerky back and forth eye movement in response to unusual vestibular input in normal people. When it occurs the process that detects eyeball movement has done what?
Has wrongly processed info to assume that the body is turning rapidly in one direction Has wrongly processed info to assume that the head is turning rapidly in one direction Has wrongly processed info to assume that the lower body is turning rapidly in one direction Has wrongly processed info to assume that the trunk is turning rapidly in one direction |
Has wrongly processed info to assume that the head is turning rapidly in one direction
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Color blindness is inherited disease mostly in men. Which group of cells are most affected by this condition?
rods cones amarcrine cells horizontal cells |
cones
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If you experience unfamiliar patters of linear and rotational acceleration and you have not yet adopted to these patterns, you have motion sickness. This disease is characterized by nausea and vomiting in some cases. Which is responsible for these signs?
cervical part oft eh sympathetic nervous system cranial part of PNS sacral part of PNS thoraco component of the SNS |
Cranial part of PNS
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Brain structrures call olfactory bulbs are the site where axons of the olfactory receptor cells synapse. When you smell someting obnoxious, you rapidly move away from it. How does that occur?
olfactory receptor cells bypass the olfactory bulb and send signals directly to the motor cortex olfactory receptor cells send signals directly to the motor cortex, bypassing any group of neurons that process olfactory signals olfactory receptor cells send signals to the olfactory bulb which then transmits the date to the sensory cortex and the to the motor cortex olfactory receptor cells send signals to the olfactory bulb which then transmits the data directly to motor cortex |
olfactory receptor cells send signals to the olfactory bulb which then transmits the data to the sensory cortex and the to the motor cortex
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The stapes malleus and incus are the movable chain of three bone that act as a piston and couple vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window, thus amplifying the sound pressure transmitted to the inner ear. What does the signal do once it is in the inner ear?
the signal is considered a chemical and activates different cochlea neurons the signal will activate different cochlear motor neurons based on their frequency the signal will activate different cochlear sensory neurons based on their frequencies the signal will activate all cochlear motor neurons with the same frequencies. interpretation is then done at eh auditory level |
the signal will activate different cochlear sensory neurons based on their frequencies
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The selective suppression of pain without effects on consciousness or other sensations is called analgesia. A patient comes to see you and mentions that she does not have pain sensation in her right leg. She suffered a stroke 5 months ago and cant walk. This analgesic condition is caused by?
a. destruction of pain receptors in her right leg due to stroke b. destruction of dorsal root ganglion neurons in the right part of the spinal cord due to stroke c. destruction of left sensory cortex area neurons that recieve signal from leg d. destruction of left motor cortex areas that receive signals form leg |
C) destruction of left sensory cortex area neurons that recieve signal from leg
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Meniere’s disease results from increased pressure in the inner ear, including the cochlea and the semicircular canals. It is believed to be caused by deficits in absorption and renewal of the endolymph and the distension of the structures in these areas. As a result, both hearing and vestibular disruptions occur. When will this condition manifest itself?
a. Only when a person moves his head b. When a person hears music c. Going from horizontal to vertical position d. Anytime since the receptors will be activated independent of external stimulus |
D) anytime since the receptors will be activated independent of external stimulus
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Otoliths are structures that respond to change in position and subsequently activate receptors located in which organ?
a. Semicircular canals which detect angular acceleration of the head b. Utricle detect horizontal movement of the trunk c. Saccule which detect vertical acceleration of the body d. Saccule which detects vertical acceleration of the head e. All of these are correct |
D) saccule which detects vertical acceleration of the head
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How does the size of the receptive field in skin sensory neurons influence the perceived sensation?
a. Mechanoreceptors with large receptive fields sense fine touch while those with small receptive fields sense pressure b. Mechanoreceptors with large receptive fields adapt more easily c. Mechanoreceptors with small receptive fields sense fine touch while those with large receptive fields sense pressure d. The larger the receptive field, the more summation of graded potentials is produced slowly |
C) mechanoreceptors with small receptive fields sense fine touch while those with large receptive fields sense pressure
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Tissue damage leads to pain sensation since histamine and bradykinin are released at the site of injury and these chemicals activate nociceptors. What can influence the transmission of the pain signal to the thalamus?
a. Sensory signals from skin in the area in which there was tissue damage b. Motor signals arising from the area in which there was tissue damage c. Descending signals from the motor cortex that are responding to the sensory signal d. Nothing since it is important for the body to sense where the pain is arising |
A) sensory signals from skin in the area in which there was tissue damage
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How is visual information relayed in the retina (prior to entering the optic nerve)?
a. Rods synapse onto bipolar cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve b. Cones synapse onto amacrine cells which synapse onto bipolar cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve c. Cones synapse onto bipolar cells which synapse onto amacrine cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve d. Cones synapse directly onto horizontal cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve e. Rods synapse onto ganglion cells which synapse onto bipolar cells whose axons form the optic nerve |
A) rods synapse onto bipolar cells which synapse onto ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve
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What is the correct order of sound signal transmission? 1. Vibration of tympanic membrane 2. Sound energy is transferred to the oval window 3. Vibration of the basilar membrane 4. Sound energy travels to the inner ear 5. Hair cell movement
a. 1,2,4,3,5 b. 1,3,4,2,5 c. 1,4,2,3,5 d. 1,2,3,4,5 e. 1,3,2,4,5 |
C) 1,4,2,3,5
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Match the taste with its signal transduction mechanism
a. Salt – sodium enters channels in receptor cell membrane b. Sour – hydrogen blocks sodium channels c. Sweet – G protein coupled receptor signaling leads to the opening of sodium channels d. Bitter – hydrogen blocks potassium channels e. Umami – G protein coupled receptors signaling leads to the opening of potassium channels |
A) salt – sodium enters channels in receptor cell membrane
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How do we distinguish a weak stimulus from a strong stimulus?
a. Frequency of graded potentials, action potential summation, and recruitment b. Amplitude of action potential, graded potential summation, and recruitment c. Frequency of action potentials, graded potential summation, and recruitment d. None of these |
C) frequency of action potentials, graded potential summation, and recruitment
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In sensory coding, what is the purpose of lateral inhibition?
a. Determine the type of stimulus b. Determine the duration of a stimulus c. Increase acuity in determining stimulus location d. Increase stimulus intensity e. Decrease stimulus intensity |
C) increase acuity in determining stimulus location
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An auditory receptive field is _______
a. The region of the brain that causes activity in a sensory unit b. The region of the spinal cord that causes activity in a sensory unit c. The region of the ear that causes activity in a sensory unit d. The region of the spinal cord that causes activity in a motor unit e. The region of the ear that causes activity in a motor unit |
C) the region of the ear that causes activity in a sensory unit
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When visible light hits rod cells ________
a. This causes rod cell membrane depolarization b. This causes rod cell membrane hyperpolarization c. This does not affect rod cell resting membrane potential d. This increases rod cell neurotransmitter release e. This increases cGMP concentration |
B) this causes rod cell membrane hyperpolarization
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Preattentive processing is:
a. When a person stops what he or she is doing, looks around, listens intently, and turns the face toward a stimulus source b. Avoiding the distraction of irrelevant stimuli while seeking out and focusing on stimuli that are momentarily important c. The direction of our attention toward the part of the sensory world that is of particular interest and the preparation of the brain’s perceptual processes for it d. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
C) the direction of our attention toward the part of the sensory world that is of particular interest and preparation of the brain’s perceptual processes for it
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“A need for increasing amounts of a drug to achieve the desired effect” is best termed:
a. Learning b. Withdrawal c. Substance intoxication d. Tolerance |
D) tolerance
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Can a cat always land on his feet? To solve this problem, a cat is dropped from a distance of 10 feet. He is first held by all four feet and then dropped. Sure enough, he lands on his feet. Which receptors were responsible for this outstanding response?
a. Eyes since they sensed the rate of change of the visual fields b. Semicircular canals since they respond faster than the eyes to change in visual fields c. Semicircular canals since they respond faster than the eyes and are sensitive to angular acceleration d. Stretch receptors from his fur which sense how fast he is falling and activate motor neurons |
C) semicircular canals since they respond faster than the eyes and are sensitive to angular acceleration
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As discussed in the echats, the current explanation for motor pathways having their representation on the contralateral motor cortex side is due to which of the following?
a. No explanation has been presented – “that is just the way it is” b. Motor cortex needs to have more space for directing motor signals to the contralateral side c. This anatomical/physiological arrangement is found only in primates and not in other vertebrates. More than likely it was due to effective good gathering in the jungle d. Cortex must be protected to have withdrawal reflexes. Hence the arrangement allows the signals from one side to be processed by the contralateral side of the cortex to allow for escape behavior |
D) cortex must be protected to have withdrawal reflexes. Hence the arrangement allows the signals from one side to be processed by the contralateral side of the cortex to allow for escape behavior
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The following definition “An irreversible condition, resulting from brain damage, characterized by lack of consciousness, thought, and feeling, although reflex activities (such as breathing) continue” is best termed:
a. Coma b. Brain death c. Persistent vegetative state d. None of these |
C) persistent vegetative state
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A kitten has his cerebellum and motor cortex removed at birth. Six days later, he is put on a treadmill and he is able to walk. This data suggests that?
a. Walking originates in the motor cortex b. Walking originates in the spinal cord c. Walking is a complex pattern of reflex loops that originate in the cerebellum d. Walking is a complex pattern of reflex loops that are developed later in life |
B) walking originates in the spinal cord
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A patient of yours had a herpes simplex infection that wiped out all of her dorsal root ganglia. She has a tremor that does not go away regardless of what medicine you give her. What is the major source of her tremor?
a. Motor commands from the spinal cord b. Sensory commands from the spinal cord c. Activation of the reticular activating system that increases activity in the autonomic nervous system reflexes d. Activation of spinal reflex loops |
A) motor commands from the spinal cord
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The term “habituation” is best defined as:
a. If a stimulus is not repeated but is found irrelevant, the behavioral response to the stimulus progressively decreases b. If a stimulus is repeated but is found irrelevant, the behavioral response to the stimulus progressively decreases c. If a stimulus is repeated but is found irrelevant, the behavioral response to the stimulus progressively increases d. If a stimulus is repeated but is found relevant, the behavioral response to the stimulus progressively decreases |
B) if a stimulus is repeated but is found irrelevant, the behavioral response to the stimulus progressively decreases
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As discussed in the echat session, a person with claspkife rigidity has which of the following pathologies?
a. Increased activity of the muscle spindle b. Increased activity of the Golgi Tendon Organ c. Increased activity of the alpha motor neurons d. Increased activity of positive interneurons |
B) increased activity of the Golgi Tendon Organ
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The neural process that changes an experience into the memory of that experience is called:
a. Memory encoding b. Learning c. Consolidation d. Plasticity |
A) memory encoding
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What type(s) of electrical potential directly contribute(s) to an EEG?
a. Neither action potentials nor graded potentials b. Action potentials and graded potentials c. Graded potentials d. Action potentials |
C) graded potentials
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What is occurring in box A? (picture from 4a-4b in Module 31)
a. A decrease in acetylcholine b. An increase in acetylcholine c. A decrease in histamine d. An increase in histamine |
A) a decrease in acetylcholine
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A cocaine addiction forms from:
a. Decreased amounts of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway b. Increased amounts of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway c. Increased amounts of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft d. Decreased amounts of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft |
B) increased amounts of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway
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As discussed in the echat, a patient has an intention tremor. This condition refers to which of the following?
a. Patient has an overt hand tremor when he thinks about moving b. Patient has an overt hand tremor when he is just resting c. Patient has an overt hand tremor when he begins a motor movement and when he reaches his target d. Patient has an overt hand tremor when he thinks about some scary event |
C) patient has an overt hand tremor when he begins a motor movement and when he reaches his target
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During REM sleep heart rate will ________, and ventilation will __________
a. Decrease; increase b. Decrease; decrease c. Increase; increase d. Increase; decrease |
C) increase; increase
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Which area of the brain plays the final role in directing the motor responses during emotional behavior?
a. The amygdala b. The cerebral cortex c. The thalamus d. The amygdala and the cerebral cortex e. Hypothalamus |
B) the cerebral cortex
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Sleep and wakefulness cycles alternate. What would be the site that is the set point for this oscillation in periods of light and darkness?
a. Cerebral cortex b. Suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus c. Reticular activating system d. Thalamus |
B) suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus
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The memorization of anatomy terms is an example of declarative memory whereas the memory to do surgical techniques is considered an example of:
a. Declarative memory b. Procedural memory c. Consolidation d. Retrograde Amnesia |
B) procedural memory
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A woman hit her head against the steering wheel of her car during an accident. She is able to understand written and verbal communication, but she is unable to carry on a spoken conversation. Which area of her brain was most likely damaged in the car accident?
a. The frontal lobe, specifically Broca’s area b. The frontal lobe, specifically Wernicke’s area c. The temporal lobe, specifically Broca’s area d. The temporal lobe, specifically Wernicke’s area |
D) the temporal lobe, specifically Wernicke’s area
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A man suffering from anterograde amnesia will most likely be able to:
a. Continue playing intricate piano pieces but cannot remember facts of events that occurred after damage to the cerebral cortex b. Remember the name of his wife but cannot remember facts of events that occurred after damage to the cerebellum c. Continue playing the piano and remember his wife’s name but cannot remember facts or events that occurred after damage to the brain stem for any long period of time d. Continue playing the piano and remember his wife’s name but cannot remember facts or events that occurred after damage to the limbic system for any long period of time e. All of these are correct |
D) continue playing the piano and remember his wife’s name but cannot remember facts or events that occurred after damage to the limbic system for any long period of time
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