Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
External observation (3) |
1. Appearance of eye - position: squint, nystagmus - colour: red eye, white pupil, cloudy cornea - shape/ size: exophthalmos, endophthalmos, megalocornea, pupil size
2. Appearance if nearby structure - lid: ptosis, blepharitis, dermoid cyst - facial abnormalities: middle malformation, e.g. cleft palate
3. Pupil response - direct response, consensual response, Marcus Gunn - pupil size, shape, colour, symmetry - infant: small pupil, children: large pupil |
|
|
Slit lamp (3) Fluorescence (3) |
Slit lamp 1. Age 3 can perform 2. Younger: Burton lamp/ penlight 3. Hand held slit lamp
Fluorescence 1. Infant: no need unless indicated 2. Young children: may try but not a must unless indicated 3. Procedure - ask child to look nasal/ up - pull down lower lid - fluorescein strip: slight touch on tarsal plate |
|
|
Internal ocular health (4) |
1. Red fundus reflex for younger - confirm media are clear 2. Full ophthalmoscopy in 4-5 years 3. White pupil/ abnormal pupil reaction - check fundus after history 4. DFE with tropicamide - cycloplegic effect - <1 year: 0.5% 1gtt - >1 year: 1% 1gtt |
|
|
Tonometry (3) |
1. Tonopean: younger kid, NCT: older kid 2. Tonometry: esp. children with steroid, if cornea is large/ haze 3. Palpation by hand if all fail |
|
|
Visual field (confrontation) (3) |
1. Infant: - attract fixation in front - hold another object from side - if detect, will turn to look at target at side 2. Young children: - finger counting in 4 quadrants - if child keeps looking at your hand, flash fingers 3. Older children - finger counting in 4 quadrants - standard perimetry test if indicated |
|
|
Common external ocular health problems (7) |
Cause involuntary closure of eyelid
1. Dacryostenosis (excess tearing) - congenital obstruction of nasolacrimal duct
2. Congenital ptosis
3. Entropion/ trichiasis
4. Blepharospasm - abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid - normally resolve spontaneously when older
5. Blepharitis
6. Conjunctivitis
7. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis - associated with atopy/ asthma/ hay fever/ dermatitis - recurrent, bilateral - affect children, young adult - more common in male and warm climate - itching, mucoid discharge, lacrimation - topical mast cell stabilizer, topical steroid |
|
|
Common internal ocular health problems (4) |
1. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) 2. Congenital cataract 3. Congenital glaucoma 4. Retinoblastoma |
