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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the time period of the British Depth Study?
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1890 - 1918
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What was happening to the conditions for poor people towards the close of the century?
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They were getting better! Higher wages, better food along with luxuries like tea and coffee.
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What was happening to working conditions towards the close of the century?
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Getting better; better working conditions, better pay and better safety.
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Why were so many people still poor?
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Casual employment (dock workers and building workers), bad conditions (gas and coal workers) and Sweated Trades.
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Name one of the most infamous Sweated Trades.
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Tailoring; 1890's large numbers of Jews fleeing persecution from Russia came to East End of London, more desperate, lowered overall wages.
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Who were the ACSU? |
Anglican Christian Social Union; made a whitelist but had to scrap it as there were so few employers who passed the test.
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Why did people not take action against the poverty? |
The view held at the time was that the poor were idle and alcoholics and poverty was self inflicted.
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Why did people change their attitudes towards the poor? |
Because of social reformers such as Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth.
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Who was Charles Booth and why was he interested in social issues?
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A successful businessman. His wife was friends with Socialist Beatrice Webb. He thought current figures about the poor were exaggerated.
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What did he discover?
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The figures were underestimates. Appalling conditions. 30% of London's population lived below the poverty line. Poverty was not usually due to idleness.
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Why did people take his work seriously?
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Because he set out to find the figures were underestimated and was a respectable businessman.
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Who was Seebohm Rowntree and what did he investigate?
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Confectioner, published, POVERTY: A STUDY OF TOWN LIFE in 1901 to highlight poverty in York, 27% of its population lived below the poverty line. |
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Why did his work have a powerful impact?
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Because it exposed the truth about York which was a respectable city, unexpected. |
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Who was John Galt and how did he contribute towards changing attitudes towards the poor?
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Photographer, took pictures of poor in East End London to show they are actually very hard working.
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What major political event happened in 1906?
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Liberals won the general election. |
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What was the Liberals view on poverty AT FIRST?
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Not the top priority, seventh. |
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How did Seebohm Rowntree change political views on poverty?
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He was a Liberal supporter. Friends with leading Liberal MP David Lloyd George. Important influence behind Old Age Pensions Act and National Insurance Act.
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What were the new assumptions that the Liberals has based their new measures on?
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Government had to support them when they needed it most. |
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What was the attitude called? |
New Liberalism (Lloyd George). Seen as wrong for extreme poverty to live beside extreme wealth. |
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What else motivated the government to introduce new measures? |
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What was the life expectancy for the poor? |
45 |
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How many deaths were there? |
163/1000 |
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How did the Boer War contribute to new measures being introduced? |
Between 1899-1902. Defending Britain's territory in southern Africa. Half of recruits unfit for service. Had to lower minimum height as people hadn't grown properly. |
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How did they investigate the issue of the Boer War? |
Committee on Physical Deterioration set up. Recommendations influenced programme of reform. |
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How did national efficiency contribute to new measures being introduced?
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Britain's industrial power was being challenged by USA and Germany. By 1900 they had overtaken Britain. Lloyd George saw that Germany's rapid development was attributable to their welfare programme. |
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How did Lloyd George influence new measures? |
Liberal politician. Lived through poverty, empathetic to normal people. Chancellor of Exchequer in 1908. |
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How did Winston Churchill influence new measures?
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Switched from Conservative in 1906 when Liberals started welfare reforms. 1908, President of the Board of Trade. |
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How did political rivalry influence new measures?
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Conservatives and Liberals were main opponents. Wanted to outdo previous Conservative government. Way of fighting Socialism (troubling France and Germany), undermine support for new Labour Party. |
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What measures did Liberals introduce for children?
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1907 - Local authorities set up school medical services (but it was optional so care varied widely) 1908 - Children and Young Person's Act, can't claim insure a child's life. Also created special courts for children and Borstals to house young offenders. |
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What measures did Liberals introduce for the elderly?
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1908 - Lloyd George introduced government funded old age pension (could be refused to those who weren't hard working). Number of elderly claiming outdoor relief fell by 80,000. Non-contributory and funded by government. But you had to be 70, life expectancy was 45. |
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What measures did the Liberals introduce for the unemployed?
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1909 - Government sets up its own labour exchange (sign a register if you're unemployed and find available work). 1913 - Labour exchanges put 3000 people in jobs every working day |
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What measures did the Liberals introduce for the workers?
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How did Conservatives react to these reforms?
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Opposed the cost, called it a 'nanny state'.
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How did Labour react to these reforms? |
Worker's shouldn't fund their own benefits, should come from taxation of the rich.
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How did the wealthy react to these reforms? |
Didn't like it. Conservative majority in Lords opposed 1908 budget from Liberal majority in Commons, thus power of the House of Lords was reduced. |
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What was the position of women in the late 1890's?
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Second class citizens, couldn't vote. Earned less than men, had fewer legal rights. |
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What was bringing women middle class women some independence?
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Shop work, post office, nursing, teaching. |
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What happened in 1891 that was important for women and children?
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Free and compulsory education introduced for all working class children up to the age of 12. Man can't make his wife live in the matrimonial home. |
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What happened in 1894 that was important for women? |
Parish Councils Act - permits propertied women and rate payers to serve on urban and parish district councils |
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What happened in 1896 that was important for women and children? |
Women can't be employed for four weeks after having a child. |
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What happened in 1897 that was important for women? |
NUWSS formed - National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, well educated middle class women. |
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What happened in 1901 that was important for women?
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Factory Act reduces by one hour the hours women work. |
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What vote did women win in 1900? |
Vote in local elections and take part in local government as councilors. They could also vote for Poor Law Guardians and School Boards. |
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How many women became Poor Law Guardians? |
1500 |
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How were women active in politics? |
Conservative's - Primrose League Liberal's - Women's Liberal Federation |
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How active were working class women in trade unions?
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By 1914, around 20% of women involved, same as men. |
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What were the arguments for women's suffrage? |
Parliaments decisions affect both men and women Many widows who bear same responsibilities as men Women have increasing opportunities, vote should come next They have special skills and expertise, they are very knowledgeable of education and home laws Many uneducated men can vote while educated women can't Women pay taxes just like men They serve in local councils already |
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Why did Liberals not want women to get the vote?
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Because only better off women would get it and they would vote Conservative. |
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What were the arguments against women's suffrage?
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Women are homemakers. It is mainly middle class women who want the vote, they wont support ordinary women. They are not rational and are too emotional They are too pure They will neglect their families |
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What class were Suffragists mainly compromised from?
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Middle class |
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When were the Suffragists formed?
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1867 |
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How many branches of the NUWSS were there? |
In 1897, over 500 local branches. |
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Who was Eva Gore-Booth? |
Suffragist who gathered the signatures of 67000 working class women from a textiles factory for a petition to Parliament. |
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Who was the leader of the Suffragists? |
Millicent Fawcett |
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What action did she take to spread the word of women's suffrage? |
Constitutional campaigning. Leaflets, petitions and meetings. Kept the issue in the public eye. By 1900 gained the support of many Liberal MPs, some leading Conservative's and the small Labour Party. |
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How many times were female suffrage bills introduced to Parliament?
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15, 15 times rejected also |
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When and why were the Suffragette's formed?
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1903, by Emmeline Pankhurst. Frustrated by lack of success. Militant action was necessary for success.
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How did the Suffragette's operate?
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PM was firmly opposed. Became more vocal after 1908 when bills kept getting rejected. Edith New made speeches at Downing Street and chained herself to rails. Suffragette's threw stones at No 10. Leader and her daughter Christabelle sent to prison for inciting a crowd to rush to the House of Commons.
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Who was the PM at the times?
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Herbert Asquith.
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How did people react to the suffragette's?
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Some were sympathetic, worried and scornful. Some Suffragists admired. Fawcett held banquet for the first Suffragette's who were imprisoned when released. But as Suffragette's became more violent, relationship strained. Suffragists believed you can't earn a democratic right through undemocratic means and put off moderate MPs through militancy.
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What happened in 1911 that caused Suffragette's and Suffragists great anger?
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Conciliation Bill won all party support, but Asquith dropped the bill, instead givin votes for all men.
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What was the Sufrragist response?
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Supported Labour Party, peaceful pilgrimage from Carlisle to London involving 1000s, and free membership to working class women. |
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What was the Suffragette response?
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Escalate violence: smashed windows, burnt postboxes and bombed churches. Many sent to prison. Hunger strike, government force fed them through, WSPU used as propaganda, public sympathy. 1913 - New act so women on hunger strike let out and come back when better (Cat and Mouse Act) |
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What was the WSPU?
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Women's Social and Political Union.
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What happened on 4th June 1913?
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Emily Davidson, Epsom Racecourse. Tried to pin Suffragette banner on King's horse as it won, got killed. Her funeral attended by 10,000s of Suffragette's, a martyr.
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How effective were Suffragist campaigns up to 1914?
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Very large organisation, bigger than WSPU. Used films to film peaceful protests, big crowds of over 20,000. People became aware of the cause of women's suffrage through WSPU, but supported NUWSS. Also, they were very effective through their meetings etc, supporting Labour candidates against Liberals, therefore they were a big threat.
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How effective were Suffragette capaigns up to 1914?
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Very clever propogandists, VOTES FOR WOMEN MAGAZINE, 40000 circulation. Got their message everywhere, on posters and even bread! 1908 - Sailed by Houses of Parliament in a boat with VOTES FRO WOMEN flag. Generated sympathy and feelings of admiration. However their increasing violence alienated them from the womens cause. Only had about 2000 members at its peak, by 1914 smaller movement. Gave their opponents a valid reason to oppose their cause. |
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What happened on 2nd August 1914?
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War is declared on Germany. Government launches massive recruitment campaign. Over 500,000 volunteer in the first month. |
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What happened on 8th August 1914?
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DORA ( Defence of the Realm Act) set up. Gives the government special powers to take over industries/land that is necessary for war. Or censoring newspapers.
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What happened in Autumn 1914? |
Many different womens organizations set up. Women's Hospital Corps and Women's Police Volunteers.
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What happened on 19th January 1915?
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First air raids by German Zeppelin airships.
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What happened in May 1915?
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Coalition government formed.
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What happened in July 1915?
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Munitions Crisis. Shortage of bullets and shells.
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What was done to solve this?
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Ministry of Munitions set up, reorganise munitions supply.
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What else happened in July 1915 that was important for women?
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Lloyd Geogre and Pankhurst organise march to recruit women to work in factories.
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What happened in Autumn 1915?
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Employers refused to employ women. Government agreed with trade unions that women be payed the same as men and only be employed until sufficient supply of male workers.
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What happened on 29th February 1916?
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First Military Service Bill introduces conscription of single men aged between 18-40.
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What happened on 16th May 1916?
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Second Military Service Bill extends conscription to married men.
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What happened on 1st July 1916?
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Battle of the Somme: more British soldiers killed in this battle than any other battle.
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What happened in August 1916?
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Government makes new fetaure film called Battle of the Somme, very popular.
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What happened in November 1916?
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First public criticism of the war.
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What happened on 7th December 1916?
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Lloyd Geroge becomes PM. Reorganises gov. to focus on war. Sets up Ministry of Labour to deal with labour supply and Ministry of Food to deal with food supply.
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What happened in February 1917?
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Women's Land Army formed to recruit women as farm labourers.
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What happened in April 1917?
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German U-boats sank 1/4 merchant ships, low food supply. 2.5 million acres of new farming land
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What happened in November 1917?
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Voluntary rationing scheme introduced - failure.
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What happened in December 1917?
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Parliament agreed to give all women who were over 30 and householders the vote.
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What happened on 25th Feburary 1918?
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Compulsory rationing introduced in London and stiff penalties for offenders.
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What happened in April 1918?
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Rationing of meat butter and chesse extends to the whole country.
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What happened on 11th November 1918?
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11th hour of 11th day of 11th month Armistice signed, war over.
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What happened on 14th December 1918?
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Women voted for the first time in a general election.
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Why was the recuritment campaign for soldiers successful?
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Already strong Anti-German feelings, stong speeches.
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Who were Conchies?
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People who refused to go to war because it was against their conscience. Conscientous objectors. Some went to prison and others worked on the front line in hospitals.
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How did the government control the media?
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The public were only told of victories abroad. They also censored the information soldiers were told.
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What was the governments response to pacifist newspapers such as the TRIBUNAL?
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Shut down.
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How were books censored?
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Leading authors signed a declaration by authors in support of war.
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What was the Red Book?
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5 volume explanation as to why Britain was justified to go to war produced by historians at Oxford University. Sold 50,000 copies.
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How was propoganda aimed at children?
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Patriotic books, with bad German and good English Tommy. Regularly reprinted.
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Why was the Battle of the Somme film important?
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It showed moving images, very popular, but didn't show the huge number of casulaties. Patriotism.
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What is some evidence to show that propoganda worked?
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Over half the population read the daily paper. Patriotic weekly journal THE BULL was selling 2 million copies in 1918.
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Did people support the war?
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At first yes apart from some Pacifists. 50MPS opposed conscription. Battle of the Somme was a turning point: many people started to question the way the war was being fought. Siegfried Sassoon was a critic, criticising generals for being incompetent. Government sent him to psychiatric hospital. However people just wanted the war to be over and were relieved when it was.
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How far did women contribute to the war effort?
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Both S and S halted campaigns due to the war. Suffragist's tried to persuade men to join the army. Pankhurst demanded women to help in factories. White feathers (give white feather to men who aren't soldiers). Women were finally allowed to work in factories, but suffered illnesses. Women worked as bus conductors, grave diggers etc.
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Why were some women given the vote?
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Proved they were competent and could cope through the war. Asquith was no longer PM, couldn't oppose. Suffragists working closely with gov and compromised not all women would get the vote. However working class women who had done most of the work during the war wouldn't get it. |
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What happened in 1919
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Nancy Astor became the first female MP in Parliament.
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How were the poor helped in 1900?
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Workhouses, charities and few labour exchanges.
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What is the poverty line?
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Line which divides people who can afford to live and who can't. Below, can't afford bare minimum.
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