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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where a plant or animal lives.
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A habitat.
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All the organisms and their surroundings
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An ecosystem
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All the organisms in an ecosystem
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The community
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The number of a particular organism
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Population
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The distribution of organisms can be mapped using
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a transect line
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Good Biodiversity is found in
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natural ecosystems
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Poor biodiversity is found in
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manmade ecosystems
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In a capture recapture method, population size equals:
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Number in 1st sample x number in 2nd sample
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Number in 2nd sample marked |
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A capture-recapture method assumes:
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The animals don't leave the area, die or reproduce and the markings don't affect the animals chance of survival.
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Balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Glucose is used for:
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Respiration, converted to starch for storage, converted to cellulose for cell walls, converted to proteins for repairs
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Starch is used for storage because:
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It's insoluble, It won't affect the water concentration of the cells.
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The rate of photosynthesis can be increased by:
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More light, temperature or carbon dioxide.
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Leaf cells are adapted for efficient photosynthesis how?
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Outer epidermis lacks chloroplasts and is transparent,
Upper palisade contains most chloroplasts, Spongy mesophyll cells have large surface are to volume ratio for diffusion |
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The leaf is adapted for photosynthesis how?
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Broad for absorbing light, thin so gas diffuses quickly, contain chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb more spectrums.
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The four pigments are:
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Carotene, chlorophyll a and b, xanthophylls
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Diffusion is...
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The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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Diffusion rate can be increased by...
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Shorter distance for molecules to travel, a steeper concentration gradient, a greater surface area for molecules to diffuse to/from
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Osmosis is...
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The movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low concentration.
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Turgor is...
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Water pressure inside plant cells that holds it together
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Plasmolysis is...
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A lack of turgor
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Xylem carries... Phloem carries....
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Water, Food
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Xylem are... cells with a ... lumen
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Dead, hollow.
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Phloem cells are... and are arranged in...
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Living, columns
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Transpiration is the movement of...
Translocation is the movement of... |
Water
Food. |
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The rate of transpiration increases with...
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Temperature, air movement, light intensity or a decrease in humidity
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Nitrogen is used for...
Phosphorus is used for... Potassium is used for... Magnesium is used for... |
Amino acids
DNA and cell membranes Speeding up enzyme reactions Making chlorophyll |
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Lack of: Nitrogen causes:
Phosphates causes: Potassium causes: Magnesium causes: |
Poor growth, yellow leaves
Poor root growth, discoloured leaves Poor flower and root growth, discoloured leaves Yellow leaves |
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Minerals are taken up by... which requires energy from... and moves...
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Active transport, respiration, against the concentration gradient
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Detritivores increase the rate of decay by... which gives a...
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breaking up detritus, larger surface area.
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Saprophytes digest by, which is called...
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Excreting enzymes through the skin, then absorbing nutrients, extracellular digestion
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Hydroponics has control over...
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Disease and minerals
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Intensive farming improves energy transfer...
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efficiency
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Advantages of an internal skeleton...
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Provides an internal framework, grows with the body, is flexible, attaches to muscles.
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Ossification changes... to... by...
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Cartilage, bone, depositing calcium and phosphorus
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Synovial fluid acts...
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as a cushion for shock, a lubricant for movement
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Atria... blood and ventricles... blood
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receive, distribute.
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Impulses from the... cause the... and stimulate the... which causes
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SAN, atria to contract, AVN, ventricles to contract
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A donates to... receives from...
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A and AB, A and O
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B donates to... receives from...
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B and AB, B and O
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AB donates to... receives from...
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AB, all
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O donates to... receives from...
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All, O
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Agglutination is...
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Antibodies attacking the antigens in the donated blood.
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Tidal air
Vital capacity Residual air |
Amount breathed in/out at rest
Maximum amount of air that can be exchanged Amount of air that stays in lungs |
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During an asthma attack...
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Airways become inflamed, muscles in bronchioles contract, mucus builds up in airways.
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Physical digestion is important because...
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Allows the food to pass through digestive system, breaks food down and gives a larger surface area.
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Starch breaks down into...
Proteins break down into... Fats break down into... |
Glucose
Amino acids Glycerol and fatty acids |
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The small intestine's large surface area is caused by
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Many microvilli and villi
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Each kidney has millions of kidney tubules called...
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nephrons
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Each nephron has...
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A network of capillaries surrounded by a capsule, a region where materials such as glucose are selectively reabsorbed and a region where some salt and water are selectively reabsorbed.
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ADH is produced by... and does...
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The pituitary gland, increases permeability of tubules for selective reabsorption of water
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FSH does...
LH does... Progesterone does... Oestrogen does... |
Stimulates an egg to develop in the ovary
Controls ovulation Maintains uterus wall Repairs uterus wall |
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Artificial Insemination is...
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Sperm injected into vagina
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IVF is...
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egg fertilised outside the body.
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Bacterial cells have:
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A flagellum for movement, a cell wall, DNA
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Bacteria are successful because:
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Survive on a wide range of energy sources, live in a wide range of habitats, take in nutrients or produce their own food.
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The growth rate of bacteria can be altered by...
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changing food availability, temperature, PH or removing waste products
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When a virus reproduces it will:
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Attach to a host cell
Inject its genetic material into the cell The cell makes new viruses The cell splits open and releases the viruses |
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Four stages of an infectious disease
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Enters body
Reproduces without symptoms (incubation) Microbes produce toxins Toxins cause fever |
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Louis Pasteur helped to prove...
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Germ Theory
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Joseph Lister invented the first...
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Antiseptic
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Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the first... which was called...
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Antibiotic, penicillin
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Making Yoghurt
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All equipment sterilised
Milk heated to 78 degrees (pasteurisation) When it is cooled, bacteria added (lactobacillus) Sampling, flavouring and packaging |
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Lactobacillus does what in yoghurt
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Breaks the lactose down into lactic acid, which makes it taste acidic
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Symbol equation for:
Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide |
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH +2CO2
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If biofuels are burnt there is no... in ....
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Net increase, greenhouse gases
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Biogas with more than... can be burnt in a controlled way, but with lower than ... its explosive
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50% methane, 10%
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Large soil particles=
Large amounts of humus= |
High air content + permeability
High water + air content |
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Advantages of living in water
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No water shortage
Less temperature variation Support from the water Waste products easily disposed off |
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Disadvantages of living in water
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Water content of body needs to be controlled
Water resists movement |
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Steps of eutrophication
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Fertilisers run into water, algae grow and cover surface, plants die due to lack of sunlight, aren't producing any more oxygen, bacteria digest them and use up the rest of the oxygen, fish die due to lack of oxygen
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Sucrose is broken down by... to produce... and...
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Invertase/sucrose, fructose, glucose
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Fructose and Glucose are... than sucrose
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sweeter
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Amylase digests...
Lipase digests... Protease digests... |
carbohydrates
fats proteins |
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Enzymes can be immobilised by...
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mixing it with alginate and dropping it into calcium chloride solution
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To create lactose free milk...
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Immobilised lactase is added, it converts the lactose into glucose and galactose
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A genetically modified organism is called a...
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transgenic organism
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The main stages in genetic engineering are...
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Identifying the wanted gene
Opening the DNA using restriction enzymes, which leave sticky ends Inserting the new gene using ligase enzymes, closing the sticky ends Testing the gene works |
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The assaying technique is...
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Scientists add genes that make the bacteria resistant to antibiotics, then feed them with agar grown on antibiotics, and choose the bacteria that survive
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The stages in the production of a DNA fingerprint are...
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Extracting DNA from a sample such as blood, cutting up or fragmenting the DNA using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments using electropheris, then making the fragments visible using a radioactive probe.
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