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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Historians believe that seagoing ships of all kinds were probably derived from |
The Egyptians |
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Oceanography as a modern science is usually dated from |
the Challenger Expedition |
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The drilling ships, Glomar Challenger and JOIDES resolution have been used |
To study Earth's crust beneath the sea |
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The first world atlas was produced by |
the Greek, Ptolemy |
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Captain James Cook (1729-79) |
All of these are correct -Made three voyages to chart the Pacific Ocean and its islands -used a copy of John Harrison's chronometere to produced accurate charts -circumnavigated the globe -was killed on the island of Hawaii |
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Which of the following individuals first studied the formation of atolls |
Charles Darwin |
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Keeping accurate time at sea is necessary to make |
measurements of longitude and accurate maps |
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The voyages of Christopher Columbus were an effort to |
find a westward route to the East Indies |
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Who was the first explorer to reach north america? |
Leif Eriksson |
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Fritdtjof Nansen froze the vessel, Fram, into the ice to explore |
the current system of the artic |
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the earliest rerded exporations of the sea took place in the |
Mediterranean Sea |
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the vikings were highly accomplished seamen, exploring |
All of these are correct - the mediterranean sea -iceland - inland rivers to russia and central europe |
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Approximately what percentage of gas emitted by volcanoes is water vapor?
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70%
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Which circle of latitude or longitude has the smallest circumference? |
80s |
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Which of the following factor(s) enable(s) the existence of liquid water on the Earth's surface?
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All of the Above -Earth's solar orbit -Rotation of the EArth on its axist The Earth's atmospheric gases |
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What is the main evidence for extraterristrial oceans beneath the icy surface of two of Jupiter's moons, Europa and Callisto? |
Induced magnetic fields |
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What are the two possible sources of water in the oceans? |
-Water vapor in gasses from volcanic eruptions -Water vapor from atmospheric impacts of icy coments |
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A map made from an equatorial cylindrical projection shows greatest disortion |
at high latitudes |
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How long does it take for the Earth to make one rotation on its axis? |
24 hrs |
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an area drawn on a hysographic curve equates to a(n) |
volume of land or water |
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What are meteorites used to establish an age for the Earth |
-They are believed to be the same material from which Earth formed -Rocks on earth have been recycled since the earth was formed and are not believed to be as old as the earth itself |
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If a clock set to Greenwich Mean Time or Universal Time is moved to a location where noon, accoridng to the sun, occurs at 4:30 p.m. what is the longitude of the clock? |
67.5W |
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Approximately what percentage of water on Earth is contained within the oceans? |
97% |
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Which ocean basin is located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere? |
Indian Ocena |
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The continental rise is a product of |
sedimentation |
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The particle size of terrigenous sediments generally ____ with distance from shore |
decreases |
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which of the following is not true about passive continental margins? |
they are commonly at subduction zones |
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Why do small particles descend to the seafloor at rates exceeding expectation? |
the particles attract each other and the particles are incorporated into the fecal pellets of small animals |
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the most common topographic feature on earth are probably |
abyssal hills |
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a fathom is a unit of |
depth |
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Surface coral formations growing arround completely submerged seamounts care called |
atolls |
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Manganese nodules are |
pelagic hydrogenous sediment |
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inactive volcanic seamounts on top of the oceanic crust will |
subside with time |
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Turbidity currents produce some |
submarine canyons |
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Which of the following is least likely to be a major component of marine sediments? |
cosmogenous materials |
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the floor of a major ocean basin is called a(n) |
abyssal plain |
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Plates move horizontally past each other along |
transform faults |
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Mid-ocean rises are relatively low and broad when |
spreading rate is high |
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Magnetic stripes on the seafloor are created at |
spreading centers |
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The trailing margin of a continental landmass ____ than its leading margin |
all are correct - is wider -shows less tectonic activity -is more stable -is wider and is more stable |
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a fixed volcanic hot spot on earth tends to produce a ____ on a moving plate |
series of volcanic peaks |
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seafloor spreading is continuing at a rate of approximately |
1 to 20 cm/year |
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the Oceans' oldest sediments are found |
on top of the basalt layer, far from spreading centers |
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The density of Earth materials _____ as the core is appraoched |
increases |
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the deep-ocean trenches are usually associated with |
all of these are correct -volcanism -island arc systems -earthquakes |
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Higher seafloor heat flow values are found |
near ocean ridge systems |
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The pacific plate is carrying Baja California and the coastal cities of southern california ____ the continent of North America |
northward along |
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The theory of drifting continents was proposed by |
Alfred Wegener |
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divergent boundaries |
-Move apart -Mid Atlantic Ridge <---- -----> |
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Convergent Boundary |
Move toward each other -Andes Mountain ----><---- |
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Transform Boundaries |
Move horizontally past one another ------> <------ |
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Erik Thorvaldsson |
discovered Greenland |
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Where did the vikings establish a large colony in the North Atlantic? |
Iceland |
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Admiral Zheng |
-Conducted 7 epic voyages from west Pacific to Indian ocean -had 300 ships -Determined that other countries didn't have anything to offer and thus had 400 years of isolationism
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Prince Henry the Navigator |
-Portugal -responsible for the great age of European discovery - |
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Amerigo Vespucci |
-Italian -voyages to new world, explored a lot of south america - |
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa |
crossed Isthmus of Panama and found the Pacific ocean in 1513 |
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Juan Ponce de Leon |
discovered Florida, and the Florida current in 1513 |
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Ferdinand Magellan |
-searching for westward passage to the spice islands - Found a way by going around the tip of south america -landed in the Philippines and was killed by natives -Ship the Victoria made it back and completed round trip that made hella contributions to travel |
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Galaxies |
Clumps of stars |
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Clusters |
groups of galaxies |
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Nebula |
- rotating interstellar cloud of gas and dust |
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reserviors |
where water resides |
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Hydrologic cycle |
-The movement of water through reserviors - |
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transpiration |
release of water by plans |
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sublimation |
conversion of ice directly to water vapor |
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Water can be returned to the earth by... |
-Evaporation -transpiration -sublimation |
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Total amount of water on Earth is essentially constant |
-True |
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Residence time |
the length of time that a water molecule spends in any one reservior - |
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seismic waves |
the vibrations from the energy released after an earthquake occurs |
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Surface waves |
-Type of seismic wave -move over earth's surface like ocean waves but hella faster -do damange to property -don't tell us much about the earth |
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Body waves |
-type of seismic wave -less damage -can study earth's interrior because they travel beneath the surface |
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Refract |
changes in speed |
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P-Waves |
-Primary waves -type of body wave - travels faster than any other kind of seismic wave and are the first wave to arrive at a location -can travel through all three states of matter
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S-Waves |
-Secondary waves -type of body wave -slower than P-waves but faster than surface waves -case materials to shake from side to side -can only travel through solids |
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Crust |
-Layer of earth -earth's surface: thin, rocky -.4% of mass and 1% of volume
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Continental crust |
- low density -consists primarly of granite
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Oceanic crust |
-denser -consists of basalt |
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Mantle |
-beneath crust -consists of rock ,but much dense |
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Core |
- larger than the planet mars -metalic rather than rocky |
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Lithosphere |
rigid surface layer consisting of crust and hsallow mantle rock fused together |
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asthenosphere |
beneath lithosphere -weak, deformable |
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mesophere |
lower mantle
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Isotasy |
-state of gravitational equilibrium between lithosphere and asthenosphere |
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Subduction |
process that takes place at convergent boundaries |
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Seamount |
- mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface -usually extinct volcanoes |
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Continental Margin |
the zone of ocean floor that seperate the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust |
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Turbidity current |
current of rapidly moving, sediment laden water moving down a slope through water or another fluid |
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Abyssal Hill |
small hill that rises from the floor of an abyssal plain. -Most abundant geomorphic structure, 30% of ocean floors |
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Abyssal Plain |
underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at the depths between 3000 and 6000 meters |
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Continental rise |
an underwater feature found between the continental slope and the abyssal plain -final stage in the boundary between continents and the deepest part of the ocean |
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Guyot |
-aka tablemount -an isolated underwater volcanic mountain with a flat top of over 200 meteres below the surface of the sea |
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Zooplankton |
heterotrophic plankton |
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Passive Marigns |
-type of continental margin -found where the continent-ocean transition is not a plate boundary |
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Active Margin |
-type of continental margin -found where the continent-ocean transition is a plate boundary -assocated with earthquakes and volcanism |
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Continental Shelf |
-at the edge of the continent -apart of the contientnal crust and are submereged seaward edges |
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lithification |
loose sediments on the sea floor are transformed into sedimentary rock |
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The maximum diameter of a water particle orbit of a deep water wave is defined by wave |
height |
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the speed of a shallow water wave varies with |
the depth of the water |
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Wave height of wind waves depends on |
windspeed and duration and fetch |
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Water particle orbits for a shallow water wave are |
elliptic and flatten with depth |
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the restoring force of a fully developed wind wave is |
gravity |
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water protected from a direct wave influenced behind a breakwater can be placed in motion by wave |
diffraction |
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if a surface water wave has a wavelength of 200 m and 5-second peroid, its speed is |
4000 cm/sec |
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Two different wave groups with the same height travel together in the same direction. The wavelength of one group is twice as long as the wavelength of the other group. A combined wave of extra height will be produced |
every other wave |
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the orbital motion of a deep water wave extends to a depth equal to |
one-half the wavelength |
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water transported shoreward in the surf zone is returned seaward by |
rip currents
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in a standing wave, the positions where there is maximum vertical motion are called |
antinodes |
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The refracation of waves tends to concentrate wave energy ________ and disperse energy _____ |
on headlands; in bays |
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to navigate swift tidal currents safely, small boats need to wait for |
slack water |
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the length of a tidal day for a mixed semidiurnal tide is about ___ hours |
24.8 |
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Using equilibrium tidal theory, the tide may be considered a wave with wavelength approximately |
half the circumference of the earth |
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Dirunal tides are more prevalent at middle latitudes when the tide-raising bodies are |
at high declination |
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Since the earth turns ______ the tide waves tends to move ____ around Earth |
Eastward; westward |
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The tidal range twoard the center of an ocean basin with a rotary standing tide is ____ the range at the edges of the baisin |
smaller than |
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the terms ebb and flood pertain to |
-the direction of the tidal current flow -outgoing and incoming tides |
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Friction between the moving tide wave and the turning EArth acts to |
slow the rotation rate of Earth and make the tide wave move as a force wave |
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The ____ tide component tends to make high tides appear about one hour later each day |
lunar _ |
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__ tides occur at the first quarter moon |
neap |
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real tides in ocean basins feel the effect of the |
all of these are correct |
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some oceanic basins promote rotary standing tide waves. In the northern hemisphere, the tide waves rotates ___ and the tidal current rotates ____ |
counterclockwise; clockwise |
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a coast with fjords is classified as a(n) |
primary coast |
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a low tide terrance forms |
below the beach face |
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the higher berm found on a beach is formed |
during winter storm conditions |
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a sand spit formed between an offshore island or rock and the mainland is called |
tombolo |
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a beach in dynamic quilibrium |
gains and loses same in equal quantities |
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an estuary with strong tidal mixing and low river input |
well mixed |
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Which of the following coastal engineering structures is built parallel to the shoreline? |
breakwater |
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a coastal circulation cell includes |
all of these are correct |
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high-energy waves of winter storms |
move and from the beach to the bars |
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an example of a ria coast is |
Delaware Bay |
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In a well mixed shallow estuary, the net seaward flow occurs at |
all depths |
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Calculations of flushing times assume that none of the outflowing water is recycled back into the estuary. If this assumption is not correct, the actual flushing time is _____ the calculated flushing time |
greater than |
