Ocean Matt Mid-Term

Front 1

Earth rotates at SM/hour, NM/hour?

Back 1

1038.5, 904.5

Front 2

The Earth's main atmospheric circulation cells, as named from the equator northward or southward are?

Back 2

Hadley lies between the Equator and 30* latitude, Ferrel- 30 to 60 degrees latitude, Polar is centered over each poles.

Front 3

North of the equator, the Coriolis effect causes deflection of air and water masses to veer to the _____

Back 3

Right

Front 4

From what general direction would you expect wind on the Hawaiian Islands to be coming from?

Back 4

East

Front 5

What are the Trade Winds?

Back 5

Prevailing wind pattern at Tropical latitudes.

Front 6

What are the doldrums?

Back 6

Area where surface winds of two Hadley cells converge at the Equator.

Front 7

Distinguishing between the meteorological and the geographical equators.

Back 7

Meteorological- imaginary line of thermal equilibrium between hemispheres. Geographical equator 0 latitude.

Front 8

The term "tropical cyclone" is synonymous with _______

Back 8

Hurricanes, Typhoon, Tropical Cyclones, Willie Willie.

Front 9

In the Northern Hemisphere, the winds within tropical storms rotate in what direction?

Back 9

Counterclockwise.

Front 10

Hurricanes always originate in _____. Why?

Back 10

Tropical oceans. Warm air from the ocean.

Front 11

The system of boundary currents and transverse currents that make a circuit around the periphery of an ocean basin are called?

Back 11

Gyre

Front 12

According to Order of Principals Principle, the principal source of energy for circulation of the atmosphere and the surface of the oceans is _______?

Back 12

Sunlight.

Front 13

Friction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere causes _____?

Back 13

Sine Wave.

Front 14

The one major ocean current which flows unimpeded across lines of longitude is the ________.

Back 14

West Wind Drift or Antarctic Circumpolar current.

Front 15

What are the major Western Ocean Boundary Currents? GBAKE

Back 15

GBAKE......Gulf Stream, Brazil, Agulhas,Kuroshio or Japan and East Australian.

Front 16

What are the major Eastern Ocean Boundary Currents? BCC Word Perfect

Back 16

Bengura, Canary, California, West Australia, Peru or Humboldt.

Front 17

The fastest, deepest and relatively warmest ocean currents tend to be______?

Back 17

Western Boundary Currents.

Front 18

The Marine layer of fog that rolls into San Francisco is caused by _______?

Back 18

Coastal upwelling.

Front 19

What happens to the tangential velocity of the Earth as on moves poleward from the equator?

Back 19

Velocity decreases.

Front 20

What happens to the tangential velocity of the Earth as on moves due east from the equator?

Back 20

Velocity increases. Maximum velocity at the equator. 1000 mph.

Front 21

What causes Britain's climate to be different than one would expect at its latitude?

Back 21

Eastward moving winds flow over the warm Gulf Stream in route to Britain.

Front 22

Examples of countercurrents that can be either surface or undercurrents.

Back 22

1. Pacific Equatorial undercurrent or Cromwell current. 2.national Equatorial Current.

Front 23

What does ENSO stand for?

Back 23

El Nino Southern Oscillation.

Front 24

What occurs during an El Nino event that is different from typical ocean circulation?

Back 24

Trade winds weaken and reverse, pointing the usually westward moving water now eastward.

Front 25

Which surface ocean current carries the greatest volume of water past a single point in a given unit of time?

Back 25

West Wind Drift or Antarctic Circumpolar Current. 100 sv

Front 26

What are the units of a sverdup?

Back 26

1 sv = 1million cubic meter of water per second.

Front 27

In oceanography, what is typically measured in sverdrups?

Back 27

Volume transport of ocean currents.

Front 28

Upwelling along the California coast is caused by?

Back 28

Wind blowing parallel to the shore off the cold Pacific Ocean.

Front 29

Thermohaline circulation is largely due to a difference in density of water masses caused by a difference in salinity or a change in ________ as current changes latitude.

Back 29

Temperature.

Front 30

Sometimes large subsurface water masses of the same density will collide and mix (caballing). When they do, the resultant water mass might sink. Why is this so?

Back 30

The two masses of water combine to form a mass more dense than either mass separately. The more dense water sinks.

Front 31

What are the categories when describing waves by their disturbing force?

Back 31

Energy causing waves to form.

Front 32

What are the categories describing waves by their restoring force?

Back 32

Dominant force (gravity) that returns surface to its flatness after a wave has formed.

Front 33

Rank wavelengths from shortest to longest.

Back 33

Wind wave (200-500ft), seismic 125 mi, tide- half the earth's circumference.

Front 34

The orbits of deep-water, transitional and shallow water waves change their shape
due to_______?

Back 34

Water depths.

Front 35

Define deep water waves.

Back 35

Waves that is deeper than half it's wavelength.

Front 36

Define transitional waves.

Back 36

Deeper than 1/20 their original wavelength

Front 37

Define shallow water waves.

Back 37

Shallower than 1/20 their original wavelength.

Front 38

Wave crest to crest distance is known as _______?

Back 38

Wavelength.

Front 39

What is wave period?

Back 39

Time it takes wave to move one wavelength.

Front 40

What is wave frequency?

Back 40

Number of waves that pass a fixed point per second.

Front 41

The longer the wavelength the greater the ______?

Back 41

Velocity.

Front 42

The restoring force for all ocean waves longer than 1.73cm is ______?

Back 42

Gravity.

Front 43

What factors contribute to full development of wind waves?

Back 43

Wind strength, wind duration and the fetch.

Front 44

Group velocity of a wave train is the velocity at which the wave energy propagates. How does this relate to individual wave velocity?

Back 44

Group velocity of a wave train is half the velocity of an individual wave.

Front 45

If waves approaching the shore have a wavelength of (L) of 60 meters, they will start to feel bottom depth at a depth of______?

Back 45

30 meters L/2

Front 46

Waves approaching shore will break when the water depth is _______. Conversely, waves will break when their height is what fraction of the water depth?

Back 46

Less than half the wavelength, 3:4 ratio for height.

Front 47

Bottom contour has what effect on breaker shape?

Back 47

Steep, plunging.....milder spilling

Front 48

A rip current is __________?

Back 48

Local effect at the coastline by the breaking wave.

Front 49

What type of waves have the longest wavelengths?

Back 49

Waves found in tropical and subtropical ocean.

Front 50

Define pycnoline.

Back 50

Range of ocean depth where density changes the fastest.

Front 51

What is an Equinox?

Back 51

When equator gets direct sunlight.