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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
who was the greek person who wrongly thought the nerves orginated in and controlled the heart?
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aristotle
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the word- nerve means what in greek?
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Tendon
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600 yrs after aristotle's mistake, who corrected him-saying the nerves is connected to the brain.
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galen
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although he made some correct assumptions on nerves, his theory was flawed because he beleived that nerves carried animal spirits.
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galen
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functions as a network for communication
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human nervous sys
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regulating center of the nervous system, regulates our organs and coordinates all our activites except for the reflex arc
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brain
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obtians sensory info and give info to nervous system which then make adjustments.
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sense organs- for ex: eye
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human brain contains 100 billion______
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neurons
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neurons conduct electrochemical impulses called?
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nerve impulses, nerve action
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neuronal cell body looks like a ...
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somatic cell....with nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus.
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neurons that conduct sensory info to spinal cord and brain
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sensory neurons
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neurons that conduct instructions from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate the contraction or relaxation of muscles and to initiate activity in glands.
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motor neurons
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connecting neurons: shuttle signals back and fouth through complex pathways betweeen the brain, spinal cord and other parts of the body.
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interneurons
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support cells that unlike neurons are capable of cell division throughout adulthood
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neuroglia
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neuroglia
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glial cells
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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PNS
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star shaped cells- most abundant type of neruogalial cells. it provides nourishment for the neurons
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astrocytes
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spiderlike cells - which in normal brians are small support cells. in damaged brains become phagocytic ( engulf dead cells)
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microglia
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epithelial cells - form sheets line cavitites produce cerebrospinal fluid and cilited to help distribute this fluid.
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ependymal cells
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teardrop and produce and fatty myelin sheath that surrounds and protects the nerve fibers in CNS
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oligodendrocytes
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special support cells found in PNS where they protect and insulate nerve fibers by enveloping them.
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schwann cells
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white matter
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myelinated
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gray matter
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nonmyelinated
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consist of a series of neurons conducting impulses from a receptor in a sense organ to the spinal cord and then to an effector
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relex arc
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gland or muscle
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effector
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What does a nerve consist of?
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Group of fibers (axons & tendrites) and their connective tissue
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What are peripheral nerves that originate from the brain called?
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cranial nerves
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What do spinal nerves contain
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fibers of sensory and motor neurons. These nerves do not contain cell bodies)
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Where are cell bodies located in
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ganglion (sensory) or in gray matter (motor)
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What is a ganglion?
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a collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS
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What is a tract?
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a group of fibers located in the CNS
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What do spinal tracts do?
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they carry info up and down the spinal card toward or awawy from the brain
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What are tracts apart of?
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Tracts are always part of white matter, an area of myelinated fiber tracts.
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What does ancient literature say concerning the brain
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brain is an organ that acts as a cooling agent for the heart and respository for animal spirits
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Who first correctly described the brain as the origin of mental activity?
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Galen
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How did Willis stimulate the brain in the seventeenth century, budding the field of neurology?
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He injected the brain with India ink
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How much does the adult brain weigh?
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three pounds
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What are the four major parts of the brian?
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cerebrum, cerebellu,. diencelphalon, and brainstem
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What is the largest and most prominent part of the brain?
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cerebrum
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What is on the outer surface of the cerebrum?
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six cell-layers thick or half an inch deep of gray matter
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wHAT IS THE GRAY MATTER OUTER SURFACE OF THE CEREBRTUM KNOWN AS?
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THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
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What is the cortex known as?
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the seat of intelligence
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relexes can be both involuntary and voluntary?
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true
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nodes of ranvier are?
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gaps between adjacent schwann cells
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wat is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
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neruomuscular junction
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synapse between a neuron and a glandular cell
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neuroglandular junction
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transmitting cell
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presynaptic neruon
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What happens to the cerebal cortex during embryonic development?
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Large folds occur called gyri, and grooves between the gyri are either fissures (deep) or sulci (shallow)
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What do projection tracts do?
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Extend from motor and sensory tracts
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What do association tracts do?
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extend from one convolution to another convulition in the same hemisphere or to a corresponding convolution in the other hemisphere
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Where do sensory tracts travel?
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up from the spinal cord
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Where do motor tracts travel?
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down from the brain
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How are the cerebral hemispheres divided by the sulci and fissures?
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into 4 hemispheres
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What are the 4 lobes?
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frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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Where is the frontal lobe located?
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beneath the forehead
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What is the frontal lobe concerned with?
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higher intellectual functions - abstract thought, speech, olfaction, & emotion
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Where is the primary somatic motor area?
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precentral gyrus
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What does the primary somatic sensory area provide?
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sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and propioception
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What is propioception
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(body position)
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Where is the temporal lobe located?
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on each side of the brain
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What are the tempora lobes involved with
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emotional development and formation... and the auditory area, FORMATION AND PROCESSING OF MEMORIES
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