Ob/gyn Ardms Review

Front 1

Question

Back 1

Answer

Hint 1

Hint

Front 2

what is hydrosalpinx?

Back 2

fluid with in the fallo[ian tube

Front 3

pyosalpinx

Back 3

retained pus in the inflammed fallopian tube

Front 4

salpingitis

Back 4

inflammation of the fallopian tube

Front 5

what is myometritis?

Back 5

infection within the myometrium of the uterus

Front 6

oophoritis

Back 6

inflammation of the ovary

Front 7

pelvic inflammatory disease is

Back 7

all-inclusive tern that refers to all pelvic infections (ie. endometritis, salpingitis, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx, and TOA)

Front 8

adenomyosis

Back 8

benign invasion growth of the enodetrium into the muscular layer of the uterus

Front 9

endometrioma

Back 9

localized tumor of endometriosis

Front 10

endometriosis

Back 10

occurs when funtioning endometrial tissue invades sites out side the uterus

Front 11

parametritis

Back 11

infection with in the uterin serosa and broad ligaments

Front 12

what are the risk factors associated with PID?

Back 12

early sexual contact, multiple sex partners, hx of stds, douching

Front 13

what are the causes of PID

Back 13

sexually transmitted disease, abcess collections that have ruptured into pelvis, IUD, post abortion complications

Front 14

what are the symptoms associated with PID?

Back 14

intense pelvic pain, hx of infertility, large palpable mass, vag. discharge, abn bleeding

Front 15

a pt diagnosed with PID has a higher risk of

Back 15

ectopic pregnany

Front 16

what are 4 differential dx associated with PID?

Back 16

hematoma, dermoid cyst, ov neoplasm, endometriosis

Front 17

what is the most common for of infection that causes PID?

Back 17

sexual transmission

Front 18

what are 3 things hydrosalpinx can occur as a result of?

Back 18

pid, endometriosis, post operative adhesions

Front 19

what are the diff. dx that are associated with hydrosalpinx?

Back 19

fluid filled bowel, dilated distal ureter, omental cyst, ov cyst, TOA

Front 20

what is the sonographic appearence for salpingitis, hydrosalpinx, and pyosalpinx associated with PID?

Back 20

fluid in cul de sac, mild ut enlargement, endometrial fluid and thickening

Front 21

what are the sonographic findings of a TOA?

Back 21

complex hypoechoic adnexal mass with septaions, irregular margins, fluid debris levels, complex mass in cul de sac, distorts pelvic anatomy

Front 22

what are the sonographic appearences associated with peritonitis?

Back 22

gas forming bubbles with abscess collection, loculated areas of fluid in pelvis

Front 23

endometriosis is found :

Back 23

could be present in almost any areas of the body

Front 24

what are some symptoms associated with endometriosis

Back 24

painful periods, painful intercourse, infertility secondary to adhesions and fibroids

Front 25

what are the diff dx for endometriosis

Back 25

hemorrhagic ov cyst, toa, cystic ov neoplasm, solid tumor, ectopic preg

Front 26

what is the symptom for a pt with endometrioma

Back 26

asymptomatic

Front 27

what is the other name for an endometrioma

Back 27

chocolate cyst

Front 28

sonographic appearences of endometrioma:

Back 28

internal echoes, acoustic enhancement, predominat cysticc mass, well defined

Front 29

what most often occurs in association of PID:

Back 29

endometritis

Front 30

symptom of endometritis

Back 30

intense pelvic pain

Front 31

sonographic findings of endometritis:

Back 31

predominant, irregular- or both endo, endo fluid, pus in cul de sac, enlarged ov with multiple cysts, dilation of tubes

Front 32

symptoms of a pt with adenomyosis:

Back 32

middle age, heavy painful periods, uterine enlargement

Front 33

treatment for adenomyosis

Back 33

local excision of affected area, hysterectomy if severe

Front 34

sonographic findings of adenomyosis

Back 34

difficult to dx, most common finding of extensive adenomyosis is ut enlargemnt

Front 35

what are the differential dx of complex mass

Back 35

ectopic preg, endometriosis, pid, dermoids, benign tumors

Front 36

TOA is

Back 36

infection that involves fallopian tube and ovary

Front 37

most common location pid is found :

Back 37

oviducts (salpingitis)

Front 38

which type of pid responds well to antibiotic treatment

Back 38

TOA

Front 39

endometriosis affects women in which years

Back 39

reproductive

Front 40

what is the interventional ultrasound method used for deep pelvis abscess

Back 40

transrectal drainage

Front 41

most common benign abd found in cervix

Back 41

nabothian cyst

Front 42

aquired cond. of the cx is? why does this occur?

Back 42

cervial stenosis. occurs of an obstruction of cx canal at internal or external os, results from proir instrumentation, childbirth, surgery, cancer, irradiation

Front 43

symptoms of cervical stenosis

Back 43

cramping menopausal= asmyptomatic

Front 44

sonographic findings of cervical stenosis

Back 44

distended fluid filled uterus

Front 45

benign abnormality found in the vagina is

Back 45

gartners duct cyst

Front 46

what are the diff dx of an enlarged uterus?

Back 46

pregnancy, postpartum, lieomyoma

Front 47

what are the diff dx of a uterine tumor

Back 47

lieomyoma, carcinoma

Front 48

most common gynecologic tumor found in the uterus is?

Back 48

lieomyoma

Front 49

symptoms of lieomyoma are:

Back 49

pelvic pressure, pain, bleeding, heavy mentrual bleeding

Front 50

list the locations lieomyomas are found in the uterus

Back 50

submucosal intramural subserosal

Front 51

which hormone is responsible for the growth of a lieomyoma

Back 51

estrogen

Front 52

which endometrial abnormality most often occurs in association with PID and post partum?

Back 52

endometritis

Front 53

which uterine abnormality is found in women with prior hx of uterine curettage or spontaneous abortion? sonographic appearence?

Back 53

intrauterine synechiae; bright echoes within the endometrial cavity

Front 54

the most endometrial malignany that occurs in peri and postmenopausal women:

Back 54

endometrial carcinoma

Front 55

how does doppler evaluation help distinguish benign from malignant endo thickening?

Back 55

doppler of the ut artery RI of less than 0.4 is suspicious of endometrial carcinoma

Front 56

sonographic appearence of IUD's: tatum T

Back 56

t shaped

Front 57

approx what % of pregnancies abort on extraction of IUD?

Back 57

50%

Front 58

which IUD is known for causing numerous complications?

Back 58

dalkon shield

Front 59

what type of carcinoma kills more women every year more than uterine and cervix alone?

Back 59

ovarian cancer

Front 60

what cervical abn arises from hyperplastic protrusion of epithelium of the endocervix or ectocervix?

Back 60

cervial polyps

Front 61

what causes cx polyps?

Back 61

chronic inflammation

Front 62

what are the diff dx of a thickened endo?

Back 62

endometrial hyperplasia RPOC inflammatory disease endometrial carcinoma

Front 63

list the diff dx of endometrial fluid:

Back 63

endometritis RPOC PID cx obstrution

Front 64

list the diff dx of cx shaddowing:

Back 64

gas IUD calcified fibroid/vessels RPOC

Front 65

what is a rare uterine abnormality?

Back 65

uterine leiomyosarcoma

Front 66

what is the cause of endometrial hyperplasia?

Back 66

prolonged endogenous or genous estrogenic stimulation

Front 67

sonographic findings of endometrial hyperplasia:

Back 67

abnormal thick endo

Front 68

sonographic findings of endometrial polyps: symptons are:

Back 68

appear as cysts or dense masses in endo canal; asymptomatic;may cause ut bleeding

Front 69

symptoms of endometrial carcinoma include:

Back 69

irregular bleeding thickened endo postmenopausal bleeding -associated with estrogen stimulation

Front 70

sonographic findings of endometrial carcinoma include:

Back 70

prominant endo complex enlarged uterus irregular areas of low-level echoes

Front 71

sonographic appearence of lippes loop IUD:

Back 71

appears as 5 dotted lines

Front 72

sonographic appearence of copper 7 IUD:

Back 72

shaped like 7 copper wire spiraled around verticle shaft

Front 73

sonographic appearence of straight shafted IUD:

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form solid lines

Front 74

sonographic appearence of dalkon shield IUD:

Back 74

small flat disk hooks around the periphery rarely found anymore

Front 75

polycystic ovarian disease can be caused by:

Back 75

stein-leventhal syndrome

Front 76

symptoms associated with stein-leventhal syndrome:

Back 76

infertility oligomenorrhea hirsutism

Front 77

what causes endometriosis?

Back 77

reflux of tissue though the fallopian tubes; embrionic

Front 78

what is the name for a malignant teratoma?

Back 78

dysgerminoa

Front 79

a fibroma that is associated with ascities and pleural effusion is called:

Back 79

Meigs' syndrome

Front 80

define dermoid:

Back 80

benign tumor comprised of hair, muscle, teeth, and fat

Front 81

define cystadenoma:

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benign adenoma containing cysts

Front 82

define cystadenocarcinoma:

Back 82

malignant tumor that forms cysts

Front 83

define paraovarian cyst:

Back 83

cystic structure that lies adjacent to the ovary

Front 84

ovarian masses are described sonographically in what 3 ways?

Back 84

primarily cystic, complex, and predominatley solid

Front 85

what are 3 types of functional ovarian cysts?

Back 85

follicular, corpus luteum, and hemorrhagic cysts

Front 86

which ovarian abnormality is caused by an endocrine disorder associated with chronic anovulation?

Back 86

plycystic ovarian disease

Front 87

sonographic appearence of polycystic ovarian disease:

Back 87

enlarged ovaries contains increased number of follicles

Front 88

which benign adnexal abnormality arises from the broad ligament? also the mesothelial or paramesonephric orgin?

Back 88

paraovarian cysts

Front 89

which benign adnexal cyst is associated with high levels of hCG?

Back 89

theca-lutein cysts

Front 90

which benign adnexal cyst is seen most frequently in association with gestational trophoblastic disease?

Back 90

theca-lutein cysts

Front 91

what are the 2 most common types of epithelial tumors?

Back 91

serous mucinous

Front 92

which epilthelial tumor is found in women between the ages 13 and 45?

Back 92

mucinous cystademona

Front 93

which epithelial tumor occurs bilaterally, has thick walls, irregular walls, and septations, and occurs in 10% of menopausal women?

Back 93

mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

Front 94

what is the second most common benign tumor of the ovary?

Back 94

serous cystadenoma usually unilateral

Front 95

which epithelial tumor accounts for 60-80% of all ovarian cancers?

Back 95

serous cystadenocarcinoma

Front 96

which group of adnexal tumors is associated with elevated alpha-fetoprotien and hCG levels? usually unilateral

Back 96

germ cell tumors

Front 97

what is the name for the most common ovarian neoplasm?

Back 97

teratoma, dermoid

Front 98

teratomas are made up of/contain:

Back 98

fatty, subcaceous material hair, cartilage, bone, teeth

Front 99

what are the sonographic findings of a dermoid tumor?

Back 99

cystic/complex/solid mass, with echogenic components, acoustic shadowming

Front 100

what is a rare malignant germ cell tumor that is unilateral and occurs in women less than 30 years old?

Back 100

dysgerminoma

Front 101

ovarian cancer arises from what kind of tumors?

Back 101

epithelial tumors

Front 102

describe the risk factors of ovarian cancer:

Back 102

the strongest risk fators is family hx of ov or breast cancer. -breast cx pts have a increased risk of developing ov. cx -women w/ ov. cx are 3-4x more likely to develop breast cx. -other risk factors include: nullipartity, infertility, uninterrupted ovulation and late menopause

Front 103

what type of tumor constitutes for 60-70% of ovarian cancer?

Back 103

serous cystadenocarcinoma

Front 104

over 70% of women first seen by a doctor with ov cx is iin which stage?

Back 104

advanced stage

Front 105

about 80% of ov carcinoma involve women of what age?

Back 105

over 50, with more risk with increasing age

Front 106

what is the primary clinical problmem with ovarian carcinoma?

Back 106

its asymptomatic and undetectable nature of the cancer in its earliest stages. -pts often seek medical attention after ascities has iniciated; abdominal distention

Front 107

what is the cause of 20-40% of female infertility?

Back 107

tubal obstruction

Front 108

what is a krukenbergs tumor?

Back 108

cancer that originates in the bowel and travels to the ovary

Front 109

define ovarian torsion:

Back 109

partial or complete rotation of the ovarian pedicle on its axis

Front 110

define ovarian carcinoma:

Back 110

malignant tumor of the ovary that may spread beyond the ovary and matastisize to other organs via the peritoneal channels

Front 111

define mucinous cystadenoma:

Back 111

benign tumor of the ovary that contains thin-walled multilocular cysts

Front 112

define mucinous cystadenocarcinoma:

Back 112

malignant tumor of the ovary with multilocular cysts

Front 113

define androgen:

Back 113

substance that stimulates the development of male charactoristics such as the hormones testosterone and androsterone

Front 114

define serous cystadenocarcinoma:

Back 114

most common type of ovarian carcinoma; may be bilateral with multilocular cysts

Front 115

define serous cystadenoma

Back 115

second most common benign tumor of the ovary; unilocular or multilocular

Front 116

define theca-lutein cysts:

Back 116

multilocular cysts that occur in pts with hyperstimulation (hydatiform mole, and infertility patients)

Front 117

define polycystic ovarian deisease:

Back 117

ENDOCRINE disorder associated with chronic anovulation

Front 118

list the common cystic ovarian masses:

Back 118

follicular cysts corpus luteum cyst cystic teratoma paraovarian cyst hydrosalpinx endometrioma

Front 119

list the common complex masses of the ovary:

Back 119

cystadenoma dermoid cyst TOA Ectopic pregnancy granulosa cell tumor

Front 120

list the common solid ovarian masses:

Back 120

solid teratoma adenocarcinoma arrhenoblastoma fibroma dysgerminoma torsion

Front 121

what are the benign adnexal cysts:

Back 121

functional cysts polycystic ovarian disease paraovarian cysts theca-lutein cysts

Front 122

what is the most common cause of ovarian enlargement is young women?

Back 122

functional ovarian cysts

Front 123

what is the sonographic appearence of theca-lutein cysts?

Back 123

large, bilateral, multilocular cystic masses

Front 124

what are the symptoms a patient might present with theca-lutein cysts?

Back 124

nausea and vomiting

Front 125

describe the sonographic appearence of a mucinous cystademona:

Back 125

simple or septate, thin-walled multilocular cysts that often contain internal echoes with components differing in echogenicity

Front 126

describe the sonographic appearence for a serous cystademona: what are the symptoms:

Back 126

unilateral unilocular or multilocular, smaller than mucinous symptoms include pelvic pressure and bloating

Front 127

sonographic appearences for serous cystadeocarcinoma:

Back 127

smaller than mucinous cysts, bilateral, irreguar boarders, loss of capsular definition, bilateral ov enlargement, may contain septations, calcifications may be present, ascities forms due to secondary to peritoneal surface implantation, may spread to lymphnodes (periaotric, medialstinal, supraclavicular)

Front 128

list the different types of germ cell tumors:

Back 128

teratoma, dysgerminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, transdermal sinus tumor.

Front 129

teratomas occur in what percentage of women in childbearing age?

Back 129

80%

Front 130

what is a stroma ovarii, and what age of women does this occur?

Back 130

a rare dermoid that is composed of thyroid tissue and may produce unsuppresible thyrotoxicosis. -malignant degeneration into squamous cell carcinoma frequently occur usually in older women.

Front 131

what are the sonographic findings of a dysgerminoma?

Back 131

hyperechoic, solid mass areas of hemorrhage and necrosis speckled pattern of calcifications

Front 132

what are the 4 types of stromal tumors?

Back 132

granulosa cell tumor thecoma fibroma steri-leydig cell tumor `

Front 133

what are the 2 most common stromal tumors?

Back 133

thecoma fibroma

Front 134

which stromal tumor is the most common hormone-active estrogenic tumor of the ovary but rarely found? (1-3%)

Back 134

granulosa cell tumor

Front 135

what are some clinical symptoms of a pt with ovarian cancer?

Back 135

vague abdomninal pain swelling indigestion frequent urination constipation weight change (ascities)

Front 136

what type of tumor constitutes for 50% ov ovarian cancers?

Back 136

endometroid tumor (similar to endometrial cercinoma)

Front 137

what is the survival rate for stage 1 tumors diagnosed early and confined to the capsule?

Back 137

90% at 5 years

Front 138

what is the 5 year survival rate for stage IV ovarian cancer?

Back 138

5%

Front 139

explain stage 1 ovarian cancer:

Back 139

stage 1= limited to ovary a limited to one ov b limited to 2 ov positive peritoneal lavage/ascities)

Front 140

explain stage 2 ovarian cancer:

Back 140

stage II= limited to pelvis a involvement of uterus/fallopian tubes b extension to other pelvic tissue positive peritoneal lavage

Front 141

explain stage 3 ovarian cancer:

Back 141

stage III= limited to abdomen intraabdominal extention outside pelvis/retroperitoneal nodes/ extension to small bowel/ omentum

Front 142

explain stage 4 ovarain cancer:

Back 142

stage IV= hematogenous disease liver parenchyma/ spread beyond abdomen

Front 143

what is the treatment path for ovarian cancer:

Back 143

-surgery -chemo initially, followed by second laprotomy in 6 months -followed up CA125 blood test -CT scans

Front 144

what are some other causes of female infertility?

Back 144

-adhesions from previous surgery -endometriosis -infection -ruptured apendix

Front 145

when is InVitro fertilization and embryo transfer used?

Back 145

-used in women w/ out tubal function -used in patients who fail to ovulate spontaneously

Front 146

what are some complications of invitro fertilization (ovulation induction)?

Back 146

-multiple pregnancies -ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Front 147

what is Meigs' Syndrome?

Back 147

associated with stromal tumors (granulosa/fibroma) that rupture and cause massive ascities and pleural effusion.

Front 148

what percentage of a granulosa tumor is seen and adolescence and reproductive age?

Back 148

reproductive-45% menopause- 50% adolescence-5%

Front 149

what are the clinical symptoms of a granulosa?

Back 149

preconcicous puberty -vaginal bleeding -full breasts -pain, pressure, and fullness

Front 150

what is a masculinizing ovarian tumor that occurs in females 15-65 years of age with a peak incidence at 25-45 years of age?

Back 150

arrhenoblastoma

Front 151

what are some clinical symptoms of arrhenoblastoma?

Back 151

features are the same for other pelvic masses with the addition of amenorrhea, and infertility. many experience malignant transformation in 22% of pts

Front 152

what are the sonographic findings of arrhenoblastoma?

Back 152

-solid mass with cystic components -lobulated and well encapsulated -95% of patients unilateral -size ranges from 2-30cm

Front 153

the ovary is a common site of metastasis from carcinoma though which other parts of the body?

Back 153

-lymphoma -bowel (krukenburg's tumor) -breast -endometrium -melanoma

Front 154

the use of a high frequency tranvaginal transducer results in:

Back 154

less penetration, more magnification, and better resolution

Front 155

what are the estrogen and progesterone hormones responsible for?

Back 155

-produce and mantain secondary gender charactoristics -prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertalized ovum -develop of mammary glands

Front 156

what is the leutenizing hormone responsible for?

Back 156

causes ovulation

Front 157

a fully distended bladder in a pt undergoing transvaginal sonography will:

Back 157

occupy most of the image and displace organs of interest out of the focal range.

Front 158

what is the name for the normal position of the uterus?

Back 158

anteverted

Front 159

a uterus with a forward bend is called:

Back 159

aniflexed

Front 160

a uterus with a backward bend in termed:

Back 160

retroverted

Front 161

a uterus that is bent severely is termed:

Back 161

retroflexed

Front 162

what do ovaries produce?

Back 162

the ovum-reporoductive cell hormones- estrogen and progesterone

Front 163

what part of the ovary is estrogen produced?

Back 163

the follicles

Front 164

what is the region of the ov where follicles are found?

Back 164

cortex-outer region covered by the tunica albuginea

Front 165

what region of the ovary is lymphatic vessels, nerves, and blood vessels found?

Back 165

medulla-inner region

Front 166

what is the normal measurement of a follicle?

Back 166

2.5cm/25mm/1 inch

Front 167

the endometium is at its thickest point in which phase of the ovarian cycle?

Back 167

secretory phase

Front 168

which phase of the ovarian cycle does the uterus shed the endometrium?

Back 168

menstrual phase

Front 169

what is responsible for the release of an egg? why? which phase is this?

Back 169

-graafian follicle releases the follicle because it enlarges -proliferative phase

Front 170

the vagina is anterior and posterior to:

Back 170

anterior to the rectum and posterior to the pubis symphysis, urinary bladder, and urethra

Front 171

which group of vessels are used as a landmark for the lateral pelvic way and the ovary?

Back 171

internal iliac vessles -commonly seen lateral and deep to the ovary

Front 172

what 3 terms decribe mentrual status?

Back 172

premenarche menarche menopause

Front 173

salpingeal folds are located between:

Back 173

the fimbriae

Front 174

which muscle begins at the hilum of the kidneys and extends inferiorly along both sides of the spine into the pelvis?

Back 174

psoas muscle

Front 175

describe the bony land marks of the pelvis:

Back 175

the pelvis is divided by an oblique line that seperates the greater (false) pelvis from the lesser (true) pelvis.

Front 176

describe the lesser pelvis:

Back 176

the lesser pelvis represents teh area caudal to the pelvic brim inferior-most portion of the body cavity

Front 177

describe the greater pelvis:

Back 177

the greater pelvis communicates with the abdomen cephalically

Front 178

describe the exact location of the coccygeus muscle:

Back 178

its the muscular part of the sacrospinus ligament and forms the pelvic diaphram

Front 179

describe the exact location of the levator ani muscle:

Back 179

the anterior part of the diaphram is formed by the levator ani muscles

Front 180

the uterus consists of three amniotic subdivisions:

Back 180

-fundus -corpus(body) -cervix

Front 181

the isthmus uteri is the slightly constricted area between:

Back 181

body and cervix

Front 182

the walls of the uterus are made up of 3 layers:

Back 182

endometrium myometrium serosa (peritoneum)

Front 183

in the pelvic cavity, what muscles forms the lower margin of the pelvic floor?

Back 183

levator ani and coccygeous muscles

Front 184

what are the 4 anatomic subdivisions of the fallopian tubes?

Back 184

interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

Front 185

what are the functions of the fallopian tubes?

Back 185

fertilization and transport of the ova from the ovaries

Front 186

normal measurement of the ovaries:

Back 186

3x2x1CM

Front 187

normal size of the adult uterus in women who have never been preganant?

Back 187

7.5x3x5CM

Front 188

what are the 2 most common causes of uterine enlargement?

Back 188

pregancy and fibroids

Front 189

the floor of the bladder consists of a triangular area called the:

Back 189

trigone

Front 190

hCG is first detectable about how many days after conception?

Back 190

10 days

Front 191

a normal rise of hCG doubles every _____ hours?

Back 191

72 hours

Front 192

a falling hCG level is indicative of:

Back 192

non viable IUP or an ectopic pregnancy

Front 193

the duration of pregnancy can be calculated from:

Back 193

the first day of the last menstral period and is referred to as the menstrual age

Front 194

the average duration of a pregnancy is about:

Back 194

280 days 40 weeks 9 calendar months 10 lunar months

Front 195

the yolk sac appears at the mentrual age of:

Back 195

5.5 weeks

Front 196

the yolk sac is no longer visable at:

Back 196

10-12 weeks

Front 197

the function of amniotic fluid is:

Back 197

to protect the fetus against possible injury, and to regulate the fetal body temperature

Front 198

amniotic fluid is produced by:

Back 198

-kidneys -skin -umbilical cord

Front 199

what kind of cyst is associated with pregnancy?

Back 199

corpus luteum cyst

Front 200

what are three sonopgraphic findings of a corpus luteum cyst:

Back 200

-unilocular -may contain low-level echoes -normally regress before 16 weeks of pregnancy

Front 201

what position should the patient be placed in for transvaginal exams?

Back 201

the lithotomy position with a slight fowlers tilt.

Front 202

the major limitation of TV's is that?

Back 202

its field of view is limited.

Front 203

what is a retention cyst formed in the cervx due to occlusion of the cervical gland?

Back 203

nabothian cyst

Front 204

what are the normal measurements of the uterus for the menarche, adult, and postmenopausla patient?

Back 204

-menarche- 7.5x3x5 cm -adult- 8-10cm long, 5-6cm AP and TRV -post- 3-5cm lenth, 2-3 TRV

Front 205

expain atherman's syndrome:

Back 205

when the endometrum is gone causing the uterus wall to sticking together.

Front 206

what is the name for normal vessels often seen in the uterus?

Back 206

arcuate vessels

Front 207

name the 2 layers of the endomentriom and describe each of its fuctions:

Back 207

1.zonafunctionalis-sloughs off with period, not in communication w/ myometrium 2.zonabasalis-regenerates new zonafunctionalis after menses communicates with myometrium

Front 208

where are the ovaries located in the female pelvis?

Back 208

in the fossa of waldauer

Front 209

where is progesterone produced?

Back 209

in corpus luteum after agg is expelled

Front 210

what is the normal size of the ovary?

Back 210

3cm long

Front 211

a females reproductive years begin around what age?

Back 211

11-13

Front 212

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

Back 212

menstrual, proliferative, secretory phase

Front 213

which ov cycle phase does fertilization occur?

Back 213

proliferative phase aka follicular phase

Front 214

the ovaries are under the influence of FSH during this phase of the ovarian cycle:

Back 214

proliferative

Front 215

what is the normal measurement of the vagina?

Back 215

10cm/4inch length

Front 216

which muscle is responsible for rectal and urinary continence, and also helps hold the position of the uterus and vagina?

Back 216

levator ani muscle

Front 217

which lab test is used for the marker of ovarian cancer when increased?

Back 217

CA125

Front 218

the pituitary gland sends a signal to secrete leutenizing hormone in which phase of the ovarian cycle?

Back 218

proliferative

Front 219

what frequency is used for transabdominal ultrasound examination?

Back 219

3.5 MHz

Front 220

what frequency transducer is used for transvaginal ultrasound examination?

Back 220

7.5 MHz

Front 221

which type of scan is more accurate for the measurement of the endometrium?

Back 221

transvaginal

Front 222

what is the normal measurement of the iliac arteries (when in ovarian area)?

Back 222

5-7mm

Front 223

since fibroids attenuate sound, what frequency should you use to penetrate the fibroid?

Back 223

5 MHz

Front 224

what is the purpose of a hysterosonogram?

Back 224

-done to evaluate the contents of the endometrium -polyps are seen surrounded by water bc the water is pushed into the endometrium via the "goldstein" catheter

Front 225

during which phase of the ovarian cycle produces a graafian follicle which is producing estrogen?

Back 225

proliferative phase

Front 226

explain partial hysterectomy:

Back 226

removal of the uterus

Front 227

explain vaginal hysterectomy:

Back 227

removal of the uterus via the vagina

Front 228

list the female reproductive organs:

Back 228

-uterus -ovary -fallopian tubes

Front 229

explain bilateral salpingoophorectomy (BSO):

Back 229

removal of the fallopian tubes and the ovaries

Front 230

what phase of the ovarian cycle does it start over?

Back 230

proliferative phase days 5-14

Front 231

what ligament attahces the cornua (where the fallopian tube exits the uterus) to the ovary?

Back 231

ovarian ligament

Front 232

which ligament lies between layers of the broad ligament?

Back 232

round ligament

Front 233

what is the name for a cyst formed at the lower ends of the primitive mesonephric tubules, generally located on the walls of the vagina?

Back 233

gartners duct cyst

Front 234

the posterior walls of the pelvic cavity is formed by what bone structures?

Back 234

the sacrum and coccyx

Front 235

what is the functional cyst that regresses spontaneously, which includes the development and growth due to hormones?

Back 235

follicular cyst

Front 236

the examination table is tilted for transvaginal sonography to:

Back 236

pool intraperitoneal fluid into the cul de sac to outline pelvic organs better

Front 237

which muscle lies posterior from the coccyx?

Back 237

periformis muscle -obturator internus lies medial

Front 238

what is the follicle-stimulating hormone?

Back 238

(FSH) hormone produced in the pituitary gland that influences the ovaries

Front 239

what is the free margin of the upper portion of the broad ligament where the oviduct is found?

Back 239

mesosalpinx

Front 240

describe the exact location of the iliacus muscle:

Back 240

the iliacus muscle forms the pelvic side wall

Front 241

describe the exact location of the piriformis and obturator internus muscles:

Back 241

the piriformis and obturator internus muscles pass out from the pelvis through the sciatic foramina to attach to the greator tuberosity of the femor

Front 242

what is the function of the broad ligament?

Back 242

broad ligaments are a double fold of peritoneum and provide bilateral support for the uterus

Front 243

discuss the function of the round ligament:

Back 243

the round ligaments occupy space between the layers of broad ligament and occur infront of and below th fallopian tubes

Front 244

what are the 3 major muscle groups in the female pelvis that are visualized by ultrasound?

Back 244

-obturator internus -levator ani -iliopsoas

Front 245

ovaries are located in the:

Back 245

waldeyers fossa

Front 246

explain total abdominal hysterectomy:

Back 246

removal of the uterus and cervix -ovaries and fallopian tubes are left

Front 247

before a pelvic ultrasound, what pertinent information should be requested from the patient?

Back 247

LMP, menstrual status, symptoms, gravidity, parity, hormone regimone, hx of cx, surg, labs, prev exam findings

Front 248

what location of an ectopic pregnancy is the most life threatening?

Back 248

interstitial pregancy 2% of all ectopics

Front 249

define embryologic age:

Back 249

date from which conception occured

Front 250

define mentrual/gestational age:

Back 250

embryologic age + 2 weeks

Front 251

when does fertilization occur

Back 251

1-2 days after ovulation

Front 252

fertilized ovum is called:

Back 252

zygote

Front 253

define blastocyst:

Back 253

contains inner cell mass which forms the embryo -enters uterus 4-5 days after fertilization

Front 254

at 8 weeks MSD is approx:

Back 254

1800mIU/ml or greater

Front 255

sonographic visualization of gestational sac is seen approx:

Back 255

at 5th week IUP is seen 1-2mm sac with echogenic ring and sonolucent center

Front 256

the echogenic ring is made up of:

Back 256

-decidua basalis- thickest side; myometrial or burrowing side -decidua capsularis-rest of ring -double decidua sac sign- interface between the deciduas capsularis and endometrium

Front 257

double deciduas sac sign confirms:

Back 257

viable gestation

Front 258

the gestational sac grows how much per day?

Back 258

1mm per day

Front 259

yolk sac is visualized between what dates?

Back 259

5-5 1/2 weeks

Front 260

FHR is seen when:

Back 260

5.5-5.6 weeks

Front 261

what are the fuctions of the yolk sac?

Back 261

-hematopoiesis-forms RBC's -supplies nutrients -forms the primitive gut

Front 262

when does chorioamniotic fushion take place?

Back 262

approx 16-17 weeks

Front 263

fetal period begins:

Back 263

after 10 weeks

Front 264

explain the physiological herniation of bowel:

Back 264

primitive gut is formed as a result of incorporation of yolk sac into embryo

Front 265

at what week does the midgut descend into fetal abdomen?

Back 265

11th week

Front 266

around what week does brain vesicles develop?

Back 266

around 6th week

Front 267

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

Back 267

prosencephalon mesencephalon rhombencephalon

Front 268

explain how the hind brain is formed?

Back 268

the rhombencephalon divides into 2 segments called the -cephalic portion (metencephalon) -caudal component (myelencephalon)

Front 269

what is formed once the rhombencephalon divides?

Back 269

cystic rhomboid fossa -seen on u/s from 8-11th week

Front 270

choroid plexus can be visualized at what week?

Back 270

9th week

Front 271

what is the most accurate determination of gestational age?

Back 271

CRL YS GS-(MSD)

Front 272

what kind of pregnancy compromises for 70% of all twins?

Back 272

diamniotic-dichorionic (dizygotic- 2 ova)

Front 273

what is the sonographic appearence of a Di-Di pregnancy?

Back 273

each sac has an INDIVIDUAL yolk sac, amniotic membrane, and embryo

Front 274

what is the sonographic appearence of a monochorionic-diamniotic pregnancy?

Back 274

contained within once chorionic sac, 2 amnions, 2 yolk sacs, 2 embyros

Front 275

what is the sonographic appearence of a monoamniotic-monochorinoic pregnancy?

Back 275

1 gestational sac, 1 amniotic membrane, may contain 1 or 2 yolk sacs, and 2 embryos within the single amniotic membrane.