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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This is bleeding not related to structural causes such as fibroids or menstration |
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
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True or false dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a diagnosis of exclusion |
True |
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What is the treatment for dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
Oral contraceptive pills or hormonal therapy, NSAIDs for dysmenorrhea and reducing bleeding, surgery |
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What type of cancer is most common in endometrial neoplasm |
Adenocarcinoma |
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These are in plants of the endometrial or endometrium like tissue outside the uterine inner wall |
Endometriosis |
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Where is the most common site of endometriosis implantation |
Peritoneal |
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A female patient has been complaining of cyclic abdominal pain and uncontrolled bleeding with menses. |
Endometriosis |
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What is the gold standard for diagnosing endometriosis |
Laparoscopy |
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How do you treat endometriosis |
Oral contraceptive pills or hormonal therapy |
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What is the medical term for uterine fibroids |
Leiomyomata |
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These are uterine smooth muscle benign tumors |
Uterine fibroids |
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How do you diagnose uterine fibroids |
Ultrasound |
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What are the treatment options for uterine fibroids |
Hormonal control, cryotherapy, hysterectomy |
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This occurs when the uterus drops into the vaginal Vault due to weakening and stretching of the suspensory muscles |
Uterine prolapse |
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This commonly occurs in obese multiparous white women with fibroid uterus and collagen vascular disease |
Uterine prolapse |
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Caucasian multiparous woman has been experiencing recurrent urinary tract infections incontinence and dyspareunia |
Uterine prolapse |
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This type of ovarian cyst is associated with ovulation and is usually less than 2.5 cm |
Follicular ovarian cyst |
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This type of ovarian cyst is associated with pregnancy and is usually less than 3 cm but may rupture and bleed |
Corpus luteum ovarian cyst |
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This type of ovarian cyst is often bilateral and results from excess HCG secretion in molar and multi gestational pregnancy |
Thecal ovarian cyst |
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Ovarian cancer is most associated with what mutation and what syndrome |
Brca mutations and Lynch syndrome which is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer |
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This type of ovarian tumor tends to grow faster, patients presents sooner with symptoms, and they have a better prognosis than epithelial tumors |
Germ cell tumors |
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Cervical cancer is abnormal proliferation of cells at what border of the Endo cervix |
Squamo columnar |
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What are some risk factors associated with cervical cancer |
Sexual intercourse HPV cervical warts |
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Female patient presents with dyspareunia dysuria vaginal discharge and bleeding. On exam there is a strawberry cervix with discharge and ulcers |
Infectious cervicitis |
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How do you treat neisseria gonorrhea |
Ceftriaxone intramuscular |
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How do you treat chlamydia trichomonas |
Doxycycline or azithromycin orally |
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How do you treat HSV |
Acyclovir |
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How do you treat trichomonas |
Metronidazole |
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How do you treat candidiasis |
Fluconazole |
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This is a muscular weakness that leads to premature effacement and dilation of the cervix |
Cervical incompetence |
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This is rare but a common cause of second trimester loss |
Cervical incompetence |
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How do you treat cervical incompetence |
Cerclage which is stitching place to hold cervix closed |
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A female patient presents with a white adherent discharge that is fishy odor. Exam findings include a pH greater than 4.5 and clue cells on Koh prep |
Gardnerella |
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How do you treat gardnerella |
Metronidazole and treat other partners |
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A female patient presents with a cottage cheese discharge and erythematous vagina with satellite lesions. There are budding yeast on Koh prep |
Candida |
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What is the treatment for candida vaginitis |
Fluconazole |
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Female patient presents with homogeneous discharge on exam there is punctate hemorrhage edema and strawberry cervix |
Trichomonas |
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How do you treat trichomonas vaginitis |
Metronidazole and treat sexual partners and absence until symptoms resolve |
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This occurs when a girl has not had her menstrual cycle by the age of 14 with normal sexual development or no Menses by 13 years old without normal puberty |
Amenorrhea |
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What is the primary cause of amenorrhea |
Pregnancy |
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What are other less common causes for amenorrhea |
Conditions that cause hypothalamus issues such as anorexia, pituitary tumors, chromosomal abnormalities such as Turner syndrome PCOS and uterine injuries |
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This occurs when a woman has eight to 72 hours of pelvic pain with menstruation |
Dysmenorrhea |
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How do you treat dysmenorrhea |
NSAIDs but do not fail to look for underlining causes such as PID or fibroids or endometriosis |
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After menopause the ovaries continue to produce what 3 hormones |
Testosterone and androsteronedione and Estrin |
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How do you diagnose menopause |
FSH level greater than 30 |
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What is the most common organism in breast infections |
Staph aureus especially lactating women |
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What is the most common benign breast condition |
Fibrocystic changes which includes cysts and ductal epithelial hyperplasia or fibrosis |
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This is the second most common breast condition and it's mostly seen in young African-American women |
Fibroadenoma |
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A female presents with breast pain erythema. Physical exam findings include fever chills breast tissue is warm to touch |
Mastitis or breast abscess |
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How do you treat mastitis |
Penicillinase resistant antibiotics such as dicloxacillin or cephalosporins, hot compresses, and continue breastfeeding |
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45% of breast cancers are located where |
In the upper outer quadrant of the breast |
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What is the most common breast carcinoma |
Ductal carcinoma |
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This is a scaly erythematous lesion of the nipple |
Paget's disease |
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This is spontaneous flow of milk from the breast |
Galactorrhea |
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What are some causes of galactorrhea |
Pituitary adenoma that produces too much prolactin, fibroid disorders, medication such as an H2 blocker cimetidine and antipsychotic Risperidone |
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This is breast enlargement in men |
Gynecomastia |
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What medication commonly causes gynecomastia |
Spironolactone |
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If a man presents with enlarged breasts but it is not due to an increase in estrogen but adipose tissue it is known as this |
Pseudo gynecomastia |
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What are some risks of oral contraceptive pills |
Thromboembolism, breast cancer, hypertension, cholelithiasis, weight gain |
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Emergency contraception pain given how long after intercourse |
72 hours to 5 days |
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Infertility is the failure to conceive after what period of unprotected intercourse |
One year |
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How do you work up infertility |
First step is to check semen analysis, then an endocrine gland in cludes TSH levels FSH level prolactin level |
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What are some treatment options for infertility |
Clomiphene citrate is given to an anovulatory woman to help stimulate ovaries to produce eggs, artificial insemination, and in vitro fertilization |
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What are some complications of pelvic inflammatory disease |
Infertility and ectopic pregnancy due to scarring |
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A female presents with lower abdominal pain with or without fever. Physical exam shows cervical motion tenderness also known as chandelier sign. There is also evidence of an abnormal discharge. |
Pelvic inflammatory disease |
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How do you test for gonorrhea and chlamydia |
DNA probe testing |
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How do you calculate the estimated date of confinement or EDC of a pregnancy |
You take the first day of the last menstrual period go back 3 months and add 7 days |
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This is how many times a woman has been pregnant |
Gravida |
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This term is what were the results of a woman's pregnancy |
Parity |
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What vitamins must a pregnant woman take |
Folic acid, iron, and calcium |
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At 20 weeks the uterus should be located where |
Umbilicus |
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What is a normal fetal heart rate and it shouldn't be auscultated at about how many weeks |
120 to 160 beats per minute and 10 weeks |
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When does quickening or fetal movement occur |
About 18 weeks |
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This test can be performed in the first trimester to determine the risk of genetic disorders |
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein a or Pappa |
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These tests can be performed in the second trimester to determine if there is an increase risk of genetic disorder |
Low estriol and low AFP and high inhibin a |
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This screening test uses ultrasound at 12 weeks of pregnancy to screen for trisomies and Turner syndrome |
Nuchal translucency screening |
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If a nuchal translucency screening is abnormal you then offer perform |
Chorionic villi sampling or amniocentesis |
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Amniocentesis is withdrawal of amniotic fluids at what weeks |
15 - 18 weeks |
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This is a biopsy of the placental cells via needle and catheter at 10 to 13 weeks |
Chorionic villi sampling or CVS |
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This test can be done closer to term if there is decreased fetal movement or a high risk pregnancy |
Non stress test |
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This exam is done near-term |
Pelvic exam to assess cervical dilation |
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What stage of Labor may be preceded by the bloody show or the bloody mucus plug |
First stage of Labor |
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This stage of Labor is from regular contractions to full cervical dilation |
First stage of Labor |
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This stage of Labor is from full dilation to delivery infant |
Second stage of Labor |
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This stage of Labor is from delivery of infant to delivery of placenta |
Third stage of Labor |
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This is the hour after Labor that includes treatment of lacerations tears and hemorrhaging |
Fourth stage of Labor |
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Why are late decelerations bad |
It is an indication of placental insufficiency due to a lack of blood flow to the infant |
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If you are concerned about the fetal heart rate what things can you do |
Place mom on her left side, administer oxygen, and oxytocin |
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The placenta has how many vessels |
3 - 2 arteries and 1 vein |
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What does apgar score stand for |
Appearance, pulse, Grimace, activity, respiration. Which also means color, heart rate, reflex, motor tone, respiration. |
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This is the medical term for abnormal labor |
Dystocia |
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What medication can be administered to enhance contractions |
Oxytocin |
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What are some risks of having a cesarean section |
Thromboembolism, bleeding, infection, and prolonged hospitalization |
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What percentage drop must you see in hematocrit in order to diagnose postpartum hemorrhage |
10% |
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What are your treatment options for postpartum hemorrhage |
Uterine massage, manual compression, oxytocin, prostaglandins, blood transfusion, surgery |
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This is the slothing of decidua tissues during the postpartum period |
Lochia |
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When should the first postpartum visit be scheduled |
In about six weeks |
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This is implantation of pregnancy anywhere but the endometrial lining |
Ectopic pregnancy |
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What is the most common etiology for ectopic pregnancy |
Adhesions |
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Other than adhesions what are other risk factors for ectopic pregnancy |
Previous ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, abdominal surgery, IUD, assisted reproductive therapy |
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A female patient presents with one sided lower abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and a adnexal mass is palpated on exam. |
Ectopic pregnancy |
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What labs and imaging do you perform if you suspect ectopic pregnancy |
HCG and transvaginal ultrasound |
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How do you medically treat ectopic pregnancy |
Methotrexate if the patient is stable or laparoscopy or laparotomy |
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These are a group of diseases arising from the placenta including hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma |
Gestational trophoblastic disease |
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What are some complications of gestational diabetes |
Pre-eclampsia, macrosomia, and traumatic birth |
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What are some risk factors for gestational diabetes |
Obesity, older age, family history, and previous large for gestational age infant |
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When do you screen for gestational diabetes |
Screen at 24 to 28 weeks earlier if high-risk |
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What test do you perform to screen for gestational diabetes? What are considered abnormal results? |
Non-fasting glucose tolerance test. Greater than 130 mg per deciliter is abnormal |
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What test do you perform if a non fasting glucose tolerance test is positive for gestational diabetes |
3 hour glucose tolerance test |
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How do you treat gestational diabetes |
Insulin. Do not give oral hypoglycemics. |
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This is the rupture of amniotic membranes before onset of Labor and/or greater than 37 weeks |
Premature rupture of membranes |
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This is premature in the membranes before 37 weeks |
Preterm premature rupture of membranes |
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Premature rupture of membranes causes an increased risk of what |
Infection such as Chorioamnionitis and endometritis |
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How do you diagnose premature rupture of membranes |
Nitrazine paper indicating a pH greater than 7 therefore alkaline and ferning test |
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What is a risk of premature rupture of membranes |
Cord prolapse |
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What do you administer to increase fetal lung maturity if the pregnancy is less than 34 weeks |
Betamethasone |
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If a pregnant woman is less than 20 weeks pregnant and develops hypertension she is treated with |
Methyldopa or labetalol |
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What tests do you check if you suspect hypertension |
Urine protein |
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New onset of hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy without additional symptoms is known as |
Pregnancy induced hypertension |
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A diagnosis of new onset hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy with other symptoms is known as what two conditions |
Preeclampsia and eclampsia |
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What is the classic Triad to diagnose preeclampsia |
Hypertension, edema, proteinuria |
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How do you clinically define mild pre-eclampsia |
A blood pressure greater than 140 over 90 but less than 160 over 110. Proteinuria greater than 300mg but less than five grams in 24 hours and hyperreflexia |
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How do you define severe preeclampsia |
A blood pressure greater than 160 / 110 on two separate occasions at least 6 hours apart with bed rest in between. Proteinuria greater than 5 grams in 24 hours or 4 plus on urine dipstick. Elevated creatinine and liver enzymes. Presence of headache or blurred vision or clonus |
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What is HELLP syndrome |
Severe pre-eclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets |
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What are some known complications of preeclampsia |
DIC, pulmonary edema, renal failure, abruptio placentae |
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How do you treat preeclampsia |
Hydralazine or labetalol |
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What is eclampsia |
Pre-eclampsia + seizure |
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How do you treat eclampsia |
Intravenous magnesium sulfate and deliver the baby |
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Why is Rh incompatibility so serious |
Because it can cause hemolysis |
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If Mom is Rh factor negative how do you treat this |
RH immunoglobulin at 28 to 29 weeks |
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What do you do if baby is born RH positive and Mom is Rh negative |
Give another dose of Rh immune globulin or rhogam |
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If antibodies develop due to RH incompatibility what fetal condition can develop |
Fetal hydrops or severe fetal anemia |
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This is premature separation of the placenta |
Abruptio placentae |
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This is the most common cause of third trimester bleeding |
Abruptio placentae |
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Why is abruptio placentae such a big concern |
It can cause DIC and Fetal demise |
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A pregnant woman presents with painful vaginal bleeding during her third trimester |
Abruptio placentae |
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How do you diagnose abruptio placentae |
Monitor fetus in fetal stress testing to observe any decelerations in fetal heart rate |
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How do you manage abruptio placentae |
Cesarean section |
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This causes painless third trimester vaginal bleeding |
Placenta previa |
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This is a condition where the placenta partially or completely covers the cervical OS |
Placenta previa |
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What physical exam is contraindicated in placenta previa |
Pelvic exam |
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How do you diagnose placental previa |
Ultrasound |
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What is the preferred delivery method for placenta previa |
Cesarean section |
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This is the termination of pregnancy less than 20 weeks |
Spontaneous abortion also known as miscarriage |
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What type of spontaneous abortion involves vaginal bleeding but the os is closed |
Threatened |
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What type of spontaneous bleeding causes vaginal bleeding but the os is open |
Inevitable |
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What type of spontaneous abortion causes vaginal bleeding, cervical opening, but incomplete expulsion of products of conception |
Incomplete |
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What is the diagnostic workup for spontaneous abortion |
Serial HCG levels and ultrasound |
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What is the treatment for spontaneous abortion |
Pelvic rest and following up. Give rhogam if Mom is Rh negative. If incomplete abortion than may need to do D&C. |
