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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acrocyanosis
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peripheral cyanosis: blue color of hands and feet in most infants at birth that may persist for 7-10 days
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brown fat
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source of heat unique to neonates that in capable of greater thermogenic activity than ordinary fat; deposits are found around the adrenals, kidneys and neck,between the scapulae and behind the sternum for several weeks after birth
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caput succedaneum
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swelling of the tissue over the presenting part of the fetal head and caused by pressure during labor
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cephalhematoma
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extravasation of blood from ruptured vessels between a skull bone and its external covering, the periosteum; swelling is limited by the margins of the cranial bone affected (usually parietals)
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cold stress
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excessive loss of heat that results in increased respirations and non shivering thermogenisis to maintain core body temperature
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erythema toxicum
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innocuous pink popular neonatal rash of unknown cause, with superimposed vesicles appearing within 24 to 48 hours after birth and resolving spontaneously within a few days
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Habituation
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psychologic and physiologic phenomenon whereby the response to a constant or repetitive stimulus is decreased
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hyperbilirubinemia
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elevation of unconjugated serum bilirubin concentrations
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meconium
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greenish black, viscous first stool formed during fetal life from the amniotic fluid and its constituents, intestinal secretions (including bilirubin) and cells (shed from the mucosa)
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milia
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small white sebaceous glands, appearing as tiny white pinpoint papules on the forehead, nose, cheeks and chin of the neonate
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mongolian spots
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bluish gray or dark nonelevated pigmented areas usually found over the lower back and buttocks present at birth in some infants, primarily nonwhite; usually fade by school age
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physiologica jaundice
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yellow tinge to skin and mucous membranes in response to increased serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin; not usually apparent until after 24 hours; also called neonatal jaundice, physiologic hyperbilirubinemia
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sleep-wake states
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variation in states of newborn consciousness from deep sleep to extreme irritability
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surfactant
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phosphoprotein necessary for normal respiratory function that prevents alveolar collapse (atelectasis)
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thermogenesis
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creation or production of heat, especially in the body
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thermoregulation
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control of temperature; a balance between heat loss and heat production
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transition period
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period from birth to 4 to 6 hours later; infant passes through period of reactivity, sleep, and second period of reactivity
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vernix caseosa
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protective gray-white fatty substance of cheesy consistency covering the fetal skin
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apgar score
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numeric expression of the condition of a newborn obtained by rapid assessment at 1 and 5 minutes of age; developed by virginia apgar
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circumcision
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excision of the prepuse (foreskin) of the penis, exposing the glans
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hypothermia
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temperature that falls below normal range, that is, below 35 degrees celsius, usually caused by exposure to cold
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ophthalmia neonatorum
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infection in the neonate's eyes uaully resulting from gonorrheal, chlamydial, or other infection contracted when the fetus passes through the birth canal (vagina)
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phototherapy
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use of lights to reduce serum bilirubin levels by oxidation of bilirubin into water-soluble compounds that are processed in the liver and excreted in bile and urine
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colostrum
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the fluid in the breast from pregnancy in to the early postpartal period; rich in antibodis, which provide protection from many diseases; high in protein, which binds bilirubin; and laxative acting, which speeds the elimination of meconium and helps loosen mucous
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demand feeding
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feeding a newborn when feeding cues are exhibited by the baby, indicating that hunger is present
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engorgement
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swelling of breast tissue brought about by an increase in blood and lymph supply to the breast, which precedes true lactation; lasts approximately 48 hours and usually reaches a peak between the third and fifth postbirth days
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feeding-readiness cues
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infant responses (mouthing motions, sucking fist, awakening, and crying) that indicate optimal times to begin a feeding
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growth spurts
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time of increased neonatal growth that usually occur at approsimately 6 to 10 days, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 4 to 5 months; increased caloric needs necessitate more frequent feedings to increase the amount of milk produced
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inverted nipples
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nipples invert rather than evert when stimulated; interferes with latch-on
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lactation consultant
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health care professionals who has specialized training in breast feeding
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lactogensis
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beginning of milk production
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latch-on
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attachment of the infant to the breast for feeding
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let down reflex
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release of milk caused by the contraction of the myoepithelial cells within the milk glands in response to oxytocin; also called milk ejection reflex (MER)
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mastitis
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infection in a breast, usually confined to a milk duct, characterized by influenza like symptoms and redness and tenderness in the affected breast
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nipple confusion
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difficulty experienced by some infants in mastering breastfeeding after having been given a pacifier or bottle
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plugged milk ducts
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milk ducts blocked by small curds of dried milk
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rooting reflex
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normal reponse of the newborn to move toward whatever touches the area around the mouth and to attempt to suck; usually disappears by 3 to 4 months of age
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supply meets demand system
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physiologic basis for determining milk production; the volume of milk produced equals the amount removed from the breast
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barotrauma
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physical injury resulting from changing air pressure; often associated with ventilator assistance in preterm infants
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chronic lung disease: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
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pulmonary condition affecting preterm infants who have experienced respiratory failure and have been oxygen dependent for mroe than 28 days
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continuous positive airway pressure
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means of infusing oxygen or air under a preset pressure via nasal prongs, a face mask, or an endotracheal tube
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corrected age
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taking into account the gestational age and postnatal age of a preterm infant when determining expectations for development
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developmentally appropriate care
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care that takes into consideration the gestational age and conditions of the infant and promotes the development of the infant
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extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
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oxygenation of blood external to body using cardiopulmonary bypass and a membrane oxygenator; used primariy for newborns with refactory respiratory failure or meconium aspiration syndrome
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insensible water loss
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evaporative water loss that occurs mainly through the skin and respiratory tract
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kangaroo care
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skin-to skin infant care, especially for preterm infants, that provides warmth to infant; infant is placed naked or diapered against mother's or father's bare chest and is covered with parent's shirt or a warm blanket
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mechanical ventilation
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technique used to provide predetermined amount of oxygen; requires intubation
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meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)
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function of fetal hypoxia; with hypoxia, the anal sphincter relaxes and meconium is released; reflex gasping movements draw meconium and other particulate matter inthe amniotic fluid into the infant's bronchial tree, obstructing the airflow after birth
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necrotizing enterocolitis
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acute inflammatory bowel disorder that occurs primarily in preterm or LBW neonates;characterized by ischemic necrosis (death) of the gastrointestinal mucosa, which may lead to perforation and peritonitis; formula-fed infants are at higher risk for this disease
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neutral thermal environment (NTE)
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environment that enables the neonate to maintain a normal body temperature within minimum use of oxygen and energy
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nonutritive sucking
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use of a pacifier by infants
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patent ductus aretiosus (PDA)
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failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth
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periventricular intraventricular hemorrhage (PV_IVH_
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hemorrhage into the ventricles of the brain; a common type of brain injury in preterm infants; prognosis depends on the severity of hemorrhage
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respiratory distress syndrome
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condition resulting from decreased pulmonary gas exchange
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ABO incompatibility
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hemolytic disease that occurs when the mother's blood type is O and the newborns is A, B or AB
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alcohol related birth defects
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congenital abnormality or anomaly resulting from excessive maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy; characterized by typical craniofacial and limb defects, cardiovascular defects, intrauterine growth restriction and developmental delay; newer terminology for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder
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disorder in infants affected by prenatal exposure to alcohol but who do not meet the criteria for FAS; previously referred to as fetal alcohol effects
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anencephaly
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congenital deformity characterized by the absence of cerebrum, cerebellum and flat bones of the skull
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cleft lip
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incomplete closure of the lip; lay term is harelip
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coombs' test
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INDIRECT: determination of rh positive antibodies in maternal blood
DIRECT: determination of maternal Rh positive antibodis in fetal cord blood; positive test result indicates the presence of antibodies or titer |
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developmental dysplasia of the hip
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abnormal development of the hip joint, resulting in instability of the hip causing one or both of the femoral heads to be displaced from the acetabulum (hip socket)
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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hemolytic disease of the newborn usually caused by isoimmunization resulting from rh incompatibility or ABO incompatibility
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exchange transfusion
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replacement of 75 to 80 percent of circulating blood by withdrawal of the recipient's blood and injection of a donor's blood in equal amounts, the purposes of which are to prevent an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood above a dangerous level, to prevent the accumulation of other by products of hemolysis in hemolytic disease, and to correct anemia and acidosis
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gastroschisis
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abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical stalk
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hydrocephalus
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accumulation of fluid in the subdural or subarachnoid spaces
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hydrops fetalis
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most severe expression of fetal hemolytic disorder, a possible sequel to maternal rh isoimmunization; infants exhibit gross edema (anasarca), cardiac decompensation, and profound pallor from anemia and seldom survive
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inborn error of metabolism
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group of recessive disorders caused by a metabolic defect that results from the absence of or change in a protein, usually an enzyme and mediated by the action of a certain gene
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microcephaly
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abnormal smallness of the head in relation to the rest of the body and underdevelopment of the brain, resulting in some degrees of mental retardation
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myelomeningocele
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external sace containing meninges, spinal fluid, and nerves that protrudes through defect in vertebral column
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neonatal abstinence syndrome
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signs and symptoms associated with drug withdrawal in the neonate
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omphalocele
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congenital defect resulting from failure of closure of the abdominal wall or muscles and leading to herniation of abdominal contents through the navel
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thrush
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fungal infection of the moth or throat characterized by the formation of white patches on a red, moist, inflammed mucous membrane; caused by candida albicans
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torch infections
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infections caused by organisms that damage the embryo or fetus; acronym for toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis), rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex
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