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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ACNM
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American College of Nurse-Midwives. A certified nurse-midwife (CNM)is educated in the two disciplines of nursing and midwifery and is certified by tis collage. The certified nurse-midwife is prepared to manage independently the care of woman at low risk for complications during pregnancy and birth and the care of normal newborns.
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ACOG
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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists- has affirmed the fundamental right of pregnant women to make informed, uncoerced decisions about medical interventions and has taken a direct stand against coercive and punitive approaches to the maternal-fetal relationship.
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AWHONN
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Association of Women’s Health, Obstetrics, and Neonatal nurses. A specialty organization that has helped develop standards of specialty practice. They also provide appropriate guidelines for care standards.
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PID
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Pelvic inflammatory disease. A clinical syndrome of inflammatory disorders of the upper female genital tract that includes any combination of endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. Occurs in approximately 1% of women between ages 15 and 39, although sexually active young women between 15 and 24 have the highest infection rate.
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IUD
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intrauterine device. Designed to be inserted into the uterus by a qualified healthcare provider and left in place for an extended period, providing continuous contraceptive protection.
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FSH
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Pregnancy is made possible by the hypothalamic stimulation of the anterior pituitary hormones such as this one, which stimulates the follicle growth within the ovary.
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PMDD
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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. A more serious form of PMS categorized as a depressive disorder, affects 5% to 8% of women of reproductive age. These women must experience at least five specific symptoms listed in the Diagnostic and statistical Manual.
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PMS
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Premenstrual syndrome. a symptom complex characterized by behavioral and physical changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, anywhere from several days to 2 weeks before the onset of menstrual flow. A diagnosis of PMS occurs when a woman experiences one to three troublesome symptoms.
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BV
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bacterial vaginosis. The most prevalent form of vaginal infection in the US and worldwide. It is more prevalent in sexually active women but the debate continues as to whether BV is a sexually transmitted infection, because it has also been detected in virginal women.
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HPV
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Human papilloma virus- Genital human papilloma virus (also called HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). There are more than 40 HPV types that can infect the genital areas of males and females. These HPV types can also infect the mouth and throat. Most people who become infected with HPV do not even know they have it.
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VDRL
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Venereal Disease Research Laboratories. To diagnose Syphilis, blood tests (screening tests) such as this one are commonly done. To screen for primary syphilis 1 to 3 weeks after the appearance of a primary lesion.
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RPR
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Rapid plasma reagin. Test to screen for syphilis. Similar to VDRL. Detects reagin antibodies in the serum and is more sensitive but less specific than the VDRL.
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STI/STD
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Sexually transmitted infection/ Sexually transmitted disease. The most common reasons for outpatient, community-based treatment of women.
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GnRH
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Gonadotropin releasing hormone. The hypothalamus secretes this hormone to the pituitary gland in response to signals received fro the central nervous system. It is often called follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone because in response to GnRH, the anterior pituitary secrets the gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH.
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LH
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Luteinizing hormone. The ovary is sensitive to FSH and LH. triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. Final maturation of the follicle will not come about without this hormone. LH is also responsible for “luteinizing” the increase in production of progesterone by the granulosa cells of the follicle.
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GH
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growth hormone. Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration.
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PG
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Phosphatidyl Glycerol. The second most abundant phospholipid in surfactant. It appears at about 36 weeks’ gestation and increases in amount until term. Because PG is not present in blood or vaginal fluids, its presence in a vaginal specimen is reliable for indicating lung maturity.
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hCG
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human Chorionic gonadotropin. A hormone produced by the placenta. In pregnancy HCG appears in the blood and urine 14 to 26 days after the conception, and the HCG concentration peaks in approximately 8 weeks. After the first trimester of pregnancy, HCG production declines. HCG is not found in non pregnant women, in death of the fetus , or after 3 to 4 days postpartum. Used to determine if the client is pregnant or to detect a threatened abortion or dead fetus.
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VBAC
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Vaginal Birth After Cesarean. The mother has had a previous Cesarean delivery but has now delivered vaginally. There is a small amount of risk (less than 1%) that the old surgical scar on the uterus will rupture when a VBAC is attempted, so mothers who wish to attempt a VBAC must understand the risks and sign an “informed consent”.
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TPAL
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term infants, premature infants, abortions, living children. A detailed system used to count the number of pregnancies, births, and children a mother has had.
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G/P
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Gravida/Para. Gravida= any pregnancy, regardless of duration, including present pregnancy. Para indicates the number of >20 wks births (including viable and non-viable i.e. stillbirths). Pregnancies consisting of multiples, such as twins or triplets, count as ONE birth for the purpose of this notation.
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LMP
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Last Menstrual Period. Use the first day of the last menstrual period to calculate the due date. The quick way to do it in your head is count backwards 3 months from the first day of the LMP, then add 7 days. So if the LMP was 8/15, the three months backwards is 5 (May) plus 7 days added to the 15th=22, so the due date is 5/22.
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EDC
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The due date. EDC stands for the old fashioned “estimated date of confinement.” Anywhere from 3 weeks before to 2 weeks after the due date, the delivery is “at term”.
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EFW
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Estimated fetal weight. The estimated fetal weight calculator will calculate percentiles as well as the estimated fetal weights based ultrasound data and on many published formulas. Calculations are based on the 4 common fetal measurements, biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), femur length (FL), and abdominal circumference (AC). Many studies have devised different formulas. In general, about 2 in 3 actual fetal weights will be about 16% plus/minus the average. Actual weights can often be higher or lower than the 16% +/-.
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EFM
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Electronic fetal monitoring. Can be done externally by using an ultrasound transducer. EFM can be indicated for decreased fetal movement, Multiple gestation, Postdates, fever, infection, preeclampsia, anemia, dysfunctional labor, preterm labor, and more.
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EDD
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The due date. EDD stands for the more modern “Estimated Day of Delivery”. Anywhere from 3 weeks before to 2 weeks after the due date, the delivery is “at term”.
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CVM
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Cytomegalovirus. Belongs to the herpes simplex virus group and causes both congenital and acquired disorders. The significance of this virus in pregnancy is related to its ability to be transmitted by asymptomatic women across the placenta to the fetus or by the cervical route during birth.
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GDM
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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.
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LGA
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Large for Gestational age. A newborn whose birth weight is at or above the 90th percentile on the intrauterine growth curve (at any week of gestation) is considered LGA.
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SGA
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Small for Gestational age. A newborn whose birth weight is less than the 10th percentile for birth weight; very small for gestation age is when they are two standard deviations below the population norm or at less than the third percentile.
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AROM
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Artificial rupture of membranes. If the accumulation of amniotic fluid is severe enough to cause maternal dyspnea and pain, hospitalization and removal of the excessive fluid are required. This can be done vaginally by AROM or by amniocentesis.
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SROM
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Spontaneous rupture of membranes. At the beginning of labor, the amniotic membranes bulge through the cervix in the shape of a cone. When the membranes rupture, the amniotic fluid may be expelled in large amounts. SROM generally occurs at the height of an intense contraction with a gush of the fluid out of the vagina.
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AFP
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alpha fetoprotein. A screening test usually done between 16 and 20 weeks’ gestation to determine the probability of twins, or to detect low birth weight or serious birth defects, such as open neural-tube defect.
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PROM
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Premature Rupture of Membranes. Spontaneous rupture of membranes and leakage of amniotic fluid before the onset of labor at any gestational age is known as premature rupture of membranes.
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PPROM
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Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes. Leakage of amniotic fluid from the vagina occurring before 37 weeks of gestation. Occurs in up to 25% of all cases of preterm labors, complicates more than one third of preterm births. Infection often precedes PPROM.
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HELLP
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Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count. Associated with severe preeclampsia, although it may occur in women with normal or minimally elevated blood pressure and no proteinuria. Ninety percent of women with HELLP syndrome present with symptoms before 36 weeks’ gestation.
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PIH
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Pregnancy induced hypertension. Gestational hypertension exists when transient elevation of blood pressure occurs for the first time after mid pregnancy without proteinuria or other signs of preeclampsia.
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DIC
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy. May occur during pregnancy as a result of preeclampsia, amniotic fluid embolism, sepsis, abruptio placentae, or prolonged intrauterine fetal demise syndrome. DIC screening tests are a group of tests ordered for detecting the presence of DIC.
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RhoGAM
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Rh immune globulin. The woman’s blood type and antibody status should be identified to determine the need for Rh immune globulin. If the pregnancy is 10 to 12 weeks or more, fetal heart rate should be assessed by Doppler. The use of Rh immune globulin has resulted in a marked decrease in the prevalence of alloimmunization to the RhD antigen in pregnancy.
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ABO
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ABO blood type. ABO incompatibility is somewhat common but rarely causes significant hemolysis. In most cases, ABO incompatibility is limited to type O mothers with a type A or B fetus. The group B fetus of a group A mother and the group A fetus of a group B mother are only occasionally affected. Group O infants because they have no antigenic sites on the RBCs, are never affected regardless of the mother’s blood type. The incompatibility occurs as a result of the maternal antibodies present in her serum and interaction between the antigen sites on the fetal RBCs.
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GBS
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Group B Strep. This is an organism which is not a sexually-transmitted disorder, and which causes no problems for any woman who carries it or any man who might have intercourse with her. It is only a potential problem for a woman who is a carrier who is going to have a baby. If a woman is a carrier of this organism, she could potentially pass it on to her child during delivery, and the child could possibly become very sick. The Centers for Disease control in the US has advised that all practitioners test every pregnant woman under their car for GBS at 34 - 37 weeks gestation, and treat all positive results with antibiotics in labor to prevent transmission to the infant.
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UDS
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Urine Drug Screen. A urine drug screen is designed to detect illegal (and some prescription) drugs in the urine.
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AFI
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Amniotic fluid index (determination made by ultrasound). A method of reporting fluid volume. It is calculated by dividing the maternal abdomen into four quadrants with the umbilicus as the reference pint. The deepest vertical pocket of fluid in each quadrant is then measured, and these four measurements are summed to calculate the AFI.
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NST
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Non-stress test. Done to make sure the baby is healthy, usually in the third trimester of pregnancy; most often when the mother is a week or more overdue but also done if the mother reports decreased fetal movement. Involves putting an external fetal monitor on the mother’s abdomen to record fetal movements and to see that the baby’s heartbeat increases when the baby moves.
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FHR
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Fetal Heart Rate. The number of fetal heart beats per minute. Auscultation uses a handheld instrument, such as a fetoscope or ultrasound Doppler, to listen to and count the FHR.
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UC’s
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Uterine Contractions. Monitoring uterine activity throughout labor is essential and provides data regarding the labor progress and fetal well-being. Uterine contractions interrupt the flow of blood to the placenta and reduce the amount of oxygen immediately available to the fetus. Decreased oxygen and blood flow directly affect the FHR. The pattern and intensity of contractions have a direct effect on the duration and progress of labor and th ability of the fetus to adapt to the intrapartal process.
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CST
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Contraction stress test. A means of evaluating the respiratory function (oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange) of the placenta. It enables the healthcare team to identify the fetus at risk for intrauterine asphyxia by observing the response of the FHR to the stress of uterine contractions.
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VAS
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Vibroacoustic stimulation. also called FAST for fetal acoustic stimulation test or VST for vibroacoustic stimulation test, is an application of sound and vibration to the mother’s abdomen to stimulate movement in the fetus. A device is used that delivers 90 dB of sound for 1 to 3 seconds to the fetus with the purpose of changing the fetal sleep cycle, thereby accelerating the FHR.
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BSST
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Breast self-stimulation test. The woman is instructed to stimulate her nipples with ehr fingers, palms, or a warm, moist face cloth, either directly or through her clothing, for 2 minutes or until a contraction begins. Stimulation may also be done mechanically by the use of a breast pump. Once the contraction begins, the woman is instructed to stop the stimulation, waiting to restart if another contraction has not followed by 5 minutes. It is important to monitor the frequency of contractions to avoid uterine hyper stimulation.
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BPP
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Biophysical profile. A type of sonogram done in the third trimester to assess the baby’s health. The doctor will look for baby’s movements, heart rate, etc. and especially the amount of amniotic fluid. If the amount of amniotic fluid is markedly decreased, they will often recommend to induce the patient.
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IUGR
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Intrauterine growth retardation. Also known as inadequate fetal growth, is a term used to describe any fetus that falls below the 10th percentile in ultrasonic estimation of weight at a given gestational age. Other terms to describe the small fetus include low birth weight, small for gestational age, and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). IUGR may or may not be associated with prematurity.
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MSAFP
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maternal serum alpha fetoprotein. A component of the screening test, the “quadruple check” that utilizes the multiple markers, including AFP, hCG, diametric inhibin-A, and estriol to screen pregnancies for NTD, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), and trisomy 18. MSAFP is the first marker used in the quadruple check.
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CVS
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Chorionic villus sampling. The “villi” are parts of the placenta. Since the baby and the placenta form from the joining of the egg and the sperm, the genetics of the placenta is usually the same as the genetics of the baby. If a very small portion of the placenta is taken for analysis at 11 weeks or so from the LMP, it should be possible to be sure whether the baby is affected by Down Syndrome or other problems. This procedure has a risk of miscarriage of 1-2%.
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fFN
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fetal fibronectin. A glycoprotein produced by the trophoblast and other fetal tissues. The absence of fFN between 20 and 34 weeks gestation has been shown to be a strong predictor of a woman not experiencing preterm birth due to spontaneous preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes.
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ROM
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Rupture of membranes. In approximately 12% of women, the amniotic membranes rupture before the onset of labor. After membranes rupture, 80% of women will experience spontaneous labor within 24 hours.
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IUPC
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intrauterine pressure catheter. Electronic monitoring of UCs can be done internally by using IUPC. It is a catheter that is inserted into the uterine cavity through the cervical os. With correct placement in the uterus, usually in the area of the fetal small parts, the catheter reflects the pressure inside the uterine cavity. The IUSPC can measure the resting tone of the uterus between contractions and the actual amount of intrauterine pressure during contractions, referred to as UC intensity.
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FSE
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Fetal scalp electrode. A fine surgical spiral wire, attached to the fetal scalp. The most precise method of monitoring because it is a direct electrocardiogram of the FHR and produces the most accurate FHR tracing. The FSE is attached to the fetus during a vaginal exam.
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LTV
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Long term Variability.
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STV
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Short term Variability.
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CPD
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Cephalopelvic Disproportion. A contracture (narrowing) in any of the described areas can result in CPD. Abnormal fetal presentations and positions occur in CPD as the fetus moves to accommodate passage through the maternal pelvis.
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L/S ratio
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Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Fetal lung maturity can be assessed by determining the ratio of two components of surfactant-lecithin and sphingomyelin. Early in pregnancy the lecithin concentration in amniotic fluid is less than that of sphingomyelin (0.5:1 at 20 weeks), resulting in a low L/S ratio.
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PKU
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Phenylketonuria. The most common of the group of metabolic errors known as amino acid disorders. Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid found in dietary protein used by the body for growth, and in the normal individual any excess is converted to tyrosine. The newborn with PKU lacks this converting ability, which results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the blood.
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RDS
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respiratory distress syndrome. Also referred to as hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is the result of a primary absence, deficiency, or alteration in the production of pulmonary surfactant, a substance produced in the lungs that keeps lungs from collapsing on expiration. RDS affects almost 50% of the premature infants born at less than 30 weeks gestation.
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NICU
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Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
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ECMO
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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Newborns with respiratory failure who are not responding to conventional ventilator therapy may require treatment with high-frequency ventilation and/or nitric oxide therapy or ECMO if baby is greater than 1.8 kg and 34 weeks estimated gestational age. Inhaled nitric oxide has proven successful for newborns with meconium aspiration, pneumonia, and PPHN who are not resounding to traditional treatment modalities, and it avoids the need for ECMO.
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BPD
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Biparietal Diameter (Ultrasound Measurement). The diameter of the fetal head as measured from one parietal eminence to the other.
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decel
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Deceleration of fetal heart rate. Each deceleration has its own unique characteristics, etiology, and significance. Decelerations are identified and classified as late, early, or variable based on specific characteristics of their shape, appearance, rate of descent, and timing in relationship to uterine contractions.
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OCT/PIT
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Oxytocin challenge test. A contraction stress test in which the uterine contractions are stimulated by intravenous infusion of oxytocin.
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TAB
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therapeutic abortion. Any of various procedures resulting in the termination of a pregnancy in order to save the life or preserve the health of the mother.
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TORCH
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Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus type 2. A screen test tot detect the presence of these organisms in the mother and infant. During pregnancy, TORCH infections can cross the placenta and could result in mild or severe congenital malformation, abortion, or stillbirth. The severe effect form these organisms occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy. Prenatally the TORCH screening test is performed only when a TORCH infection is suspected, such as rubella infection.
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SIDS
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sudden infant death syndrome. The sudden unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year of age, with onset of the fatal episode apparently occurring during sleep, that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy and review of the circumstances of death and the clinical history.
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D&C
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Dilation and curettage of the uterus. The most frequently performed minor gynecologic procedure. Indications for a D&C may be diagnostic or therapeutic. Diagnostic indications include evaluation for uterine malignancy, infertility evaluation, and investigation of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Therapeutic indications include elective abortion, treatment of heavy bleeding, incomplete abortion, dysmenorrhea, and removal of polyps.
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IDM
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Infant of Diabetic Mother. These infants are considered at risk and require close observation the first few hours to the first few days of life. Mothers with severe diabetes or diabetes of long duration associated with renal, retinal, cardiac, or vascular disease may give birth to SGA infants. The typical IDM, when the diabetes is poorly controlled or gestational, is LGA. The infant is macrosomic, ruddy in color and has excess adipose tissue. The umbilical cord is thick and the placenta is large.
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DTR’s
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Deep Tendon Reflex. Specific symmetric deep tendon reflexes can be elicited in the newborn. The knee jerk is brisk; a normal ankle clonus may involve three or four beats. Plantar flexion is present. Other reflexes, including the Moro, grasping, rooting, Babinski, and sucking reflexes, are characteristics of neurologic integrity.
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nichd
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The NICHD was initially established to investigate the broad aspects of human development as a means of understanding developmental disabilities, including intellectual and developmental disabilities, and the events that occur during pregnancy. Today, the Institute conducts and supports research on all stages of human development, from preconception to adulthood, to better understand the health of children, adults, families, and communities.
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