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73 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is a cell?

Fundamental unit of all living things

What is cell theory state

1) all living things are comprised of cells




2) Cells are basic functional unit of life




3) Chemical reactions life take place inside the cell




4) Cells arise only form pre-exisiting cells




5) Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNa --> genetic material passed from parent to daughter cell

What are the 6 kingdoms

*Bacteria


*Archae


*Protista


*Fungi


*Plantae


*Animalia

Within a kingdom what are the two types of cells?

*Prokaryotic


*Eukaryotic

What is a cell membrane

Encloses the cell and is selectively permeable

What is the fluid mosaic model

The cell membrane has phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins




Lipids and many proteins may move freley within the membrane

What are the phospholipids looks like

Phosphorous head (containing polar hydrophillic heads, face outwards [watery region])




Long, nonpolar, hydrophobic "fatty chains" that face each other

What is the membrane readily permeable to

Small, nonpolar hydrophobic molecules (IE O2)




and




Small polar molecules (IE H2O)

How do small charged particles get through the membrane

Through protein channels

How do charged ions and larger charge molecules get through the membrane

Through carrier proteins

Nucleus

*Controls cellular activity and surrounded by nuclear membrane


*Contains DNA

What do histones do

Histones help form chromosomes when complexed with DNa




The DNA winds around the histone and makes it more compact




Histone is involved in the regulation of gene transcription

What is the nucleolus

Dense structure where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs

What is the ribosome

*Site of protein production


*Synthesized by nucleolus


*Free ribosomes go to the cytoplasm


*bound ribosombes are on the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

Membrane encolsed space for transport of materials throughout the cell

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth ER


Rough ER

What does the smooth ER do

No ribosome (no protein synthesis)




For metabolism and production of lipids

What does the rough ER do

Where ribosomes are




Protein production

What is the golgi apparatus

*Receives vessicles and contents from the smooth ER, modifies, repackages into the vessicle and distributes to the cell surface for exocytosis

What is the mitochondria

Site of aerobic respiration

Supplies energy (mainly ATP)




Has outer and inner phospholipid bilayer


What is the cytoplasm

Includes cytosol (fluid) + all organells

What is transport within the cytoplasm called

Cyclosis (streaming movement within the cell)

What are vacuoles/vesicles for

Membrane bound and for transport and storage of materials




Ingested, secreted, procesed or digested by cell




Vaculoes are larger (more likely to be found in plant cells)

What are centrioles

composed for microtubules and involved in spindle organization



During cell divison




Animal cells have pairs of centrioles oriented perpendicular to each other that lie in the region (centrosome) [Centrosome is an organization of microtubules that help regulate progrestion of cell cycle)






Do plant cells have centrioles?

No

What are lysosomes

Membrane bound vessicles with hydrolytic enzymes (intracellular digestion use)




Lysosomes break down the materials ingested by the cell

What is autolysis

Injured or dying cells, rupture the lysosome membrane and release all of the hdyrolytic enzymes and self-destruct

What is the cytoskeleton

Supports cell, maintains shape and aids the cell motility. It has microfilaments and intermediate filaments

What are cilia and flagella

Specialized arrangement of microtubules for cell motility and cytoplasmic movement

What are microfilaments

Solid rods of actin




Important in cell movement and support

What is simple diffusion

Movement of particles down the concentration gradient (high to low)




Passive and require no energy

What is osmosis

Simple diffusion of water from low to high

What does hypertonic mean

Cytolasm of cell has less solute than outside and water flows out



Leads to cell shriveling up [plasmolysis]


What does hyptonic

Extracellular has low concentration of solute so water flows into the cell and swells as well as burst





What do freshwater protozoa do about water being hypotonic?

Freshwater protozoa have contractile vacuoles that pump out excess water to keep from bursting

What does isotonic mean

Extracellular enviornemnt has the same concentration of solute as well cytoplasm




Water moves back and forth

What is facilitated diffusion

Passive transport




Net movement of dissolved particles down their ocncentration gradient through special channels and carrier proteins




No energy

What is active transport?

Net movement of dissolved particles against concentration gradients with transport proteins




Needs energy




Help regulate cell's internal content of ions and large molecules

What are symporters

Move two or more ions or molecules in same direction

What are antiporters

Exchange 1 or more ions or molecules for another ion or molecule across the membrane

What is a pump

Energy driven (IE Na+/K+ pump)

What is endocytosis

Cell membrane invaginates, forms vessicle with extracellular medium




Cell can bring large volume of extracellular material inside the cell

What is pinocytosis

Ingest fluid or small particles

What is phagocytosis

Engulf large particles (may bind to receptors on cell membrane before being engulfed)

What is exocytosis

Vesicle defuses within the cell membrane and relocates outside of the cell




Helps with cell growth and intercellular singaling (Neurotransmitters)

What is Bowmian Movement

Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles thorughout cytoplasm

What is cyclosis or streaming

Circular motion of cytoplasm around cell trans molecules

For unicellualr organisms what is cell division for

Reproduction

For multicellular organisms what is cell division for

Growth, development and increase replacement of cells

What percentange of a cell's life is spent in interphase

90% of life

What does interphase do

Performs normal cellular functions and each chromosome replicates so that during divison, a complete cop of the informaiton is able to be distributed to both of the duaghter cells

Are individual chromosomes visible during interphase

No



DNa is uncoiled and called chromatin


What are the three parts of interphase

G1


S


G2

What is G1

Initate interphase's active growth phase




It varies in length




Cells increase size and synthesize proteins





What determines the length of cell cycle?

Length of G1

What is the S phase

DNA synthesis

What is the G2 phase

Cell prepares to divide



Grows and synthesizes prtein


What is mitosis

Division and distribution of cell's DNa to two daughter cells

Where does mitosis take place in

Somatic cells

What type of division is mitosis

Nuclear division (karyokinesis) followed by cell divison (cytokinesis)

The steps of mitosis

Prophase


Metaphase


Anaphase


Telophase

What is Prophase of mitosis

Chromosomes condense and centriole pairs seperate and move toward opposite poles of the cells




Spindle apparatus forms between them and nuclear membrane dissolves allowing spindle fibers to interact with the chromosome

What is the metaphase of mitosis

Centriole pairs at opposite pole of cell




Fibers of psindle apparatus attach to corresponding chormatid at corresponding kinetochore




Spindle fibers align chormosomes at equator

What is the anaphase of mitosis

Chromsomes split and each sister chormatid pulled to opposite pole of the cell

What is the telophase of mitosis

Spindle fibers disappear



Nuclear membrane around each newly formed chromosomes




EAch cell has same number of chormosomes (diploid number) as original partental nucleus




Chromosomes uncoil to interphase form


What is cytokinesis like in animal cells

Cleavage furrow forms

What is plant cell cytokinesis like

Cell plate forms between two cells to split plant cell in half and allow it to divide

What is meiosis

Sexual reproduction and process in which sex cells are produced




Produces haploid cells

When does crossing over occur in meiosis

Prophase I

What is the points of contact for crossing over called

Chiasmata

Does recombination among chromosomes result in increase or decreased genetic diversity

Increase

What is disjunction and what phase of meiosis does it occur

Homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cells

What is nondisjunction

Chromsomes don't separate completely during meiosis so daughter cells have incorrect number of chromosomes