Nycc Biochemistry Ii Final I: Fatty Acid Synthesis And Storage, Cholesterol Synthesis

Front 1

In which 4 sites does de novo synthesis of fatty acids occur? What is the main organ?

Back 1

Liver (main organ), Kidney, Mammary gland, Adipose tissue

Front 2

De novo synthesis of fatty acids occurs from excess intake of _____.

Back 2

Carbohydrates

Front 3

Fatty acid synthesis is a(n) ___ stage process that requires the enzymes _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____ _____ _____.

Back 3

2; Acetyl CoA carboxylase; Fatty acid synthase

Front 4

Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the _____ via the _____ _____.

Back 4

Cytosol (cytoplasm); Malate shuttle

Front 5

In the malate shuttle, _____ _____ from the _____ enters the cytoplasm via the _____-_____ _____.

Back 5

Acetyl CoA, Mitochondria; Malate-citrate antiporter

Front 6

The malate shuttle requires _____ from the _____ _____ _____.

Back 6

NADPH; Pentose phosphate shunt

Front 7

In the malate shuttle, _____ is also supplied via _____ _____ _____ _____.

Back 7

NADPH; NADP dependent malate dehydrogenase (malic enzyme)

Front 8

Acetyl CoA production in the cytoplasm requires the enzyme _____ _____ _____.

Back 8

ATP citrate lyase

Front 9

Acetyl CoA production in the cytoplasm has the formula:
_____-> _____ + Acetyl CoA

Back 9

Citrate; OAA

(Enzyme: ATP citrate lyase)

Front 10

Stage 1 of the malate shuttle requires the enzyme _____ _____ _____ and the coenzymes _____ and _____.

Back 10

Acetyl CoA carboxylase; Biotin; ATP

Front 11

Stage 1 of the malate shuttle has the formula:
_____ ______ + ______ -> ______ ______

Back 11

Acetyl CoA + CO2 -> Malonyl CoA

Front 12

In stage 1 of the malate shuttle, formation of carboxy-biotin also requires _____.

Back 12

ATP

Front 13

_____ of Acetyl CoA carboxylase:
1. Requires citrate to make active polymer
2. Requires insulin
3. Up-regulated by a high carbohydrate/low fat diet

Back 13

Activation

Front 14

Activation of Acetyl CoA carboxylase:
1. Requires _____ to make active polymer
2. Requires _____
3. Up-regulated by a ______ _____ or _____ _____ diet

Back 14

Citrate; Insulin; High carbohydrate or Low fat

Front 15

_____ of Acetyl CoA carboxylase:
1. Palmitoyl CoA inhibits polymer activation
2. Glucagon and epinephrine
3. Down-regulation by high fat/low carbohydrate diet
a. Ketogenic diet: decreases fatty acid synthesis but increases cholesterol synthesis (LDL)

Back 15

Inhibition

Front 16

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA carboxylase:
1. _____ _____ inhibits polymer activation
2. ______ and _____
3. Down-regulation by _____ _____ or _____ _____ diet
a. _____ diet: decreases _____ _____ synthesis but increases _____ synthesis

Back 16

Palmitoyl CoA; Glucagon and Epinephrine; High fat or Low carbohydrate; Ketogenic; Fatty acid; Cholesterol (LDL)

Front 17

Stage 2 of the malate shuttle requires the enzyme _____ _____ _____.

Back 17

Fatty acid synthase

Front 18

Fatty acid synthase (Malate shuttle stage 2):
1. _____-_____ _____
2. ___ _____ enzyme activities
3. _____ _____ protein
4. _____ of identical _____ arranged _____ to _____.

Back 18

Multi-enzyme complex; 7 distinct; Acyl carrier; Dimer; Polypeptide; Head to tail

Front 19

Requirements for synthesis of one molecule of Palmitate:
1. 8 molecules of _____ _____
a. _____ _____ + 7 _____ ______
b. Releases 7 _____
2. 7 _____
3. 14 _____
a. Releases _____ + 7 _____

Back 19

Acetyl CoA; Acetyl CoA; Malonyl CoA; CO2; ATP; NADPH; Water; ADP

Front 20

______ of fatty acid synthase is caused by a high carbohydrate and low fat diet.

Back 20

Activation

Front 21

_____ of fatty acid synthase is caused by high levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFA).

Back 21

Inhibition

Front 22

______ is the source of long-chain fatty acids except EFA.

Back 22

Palmitate

Front 23

Fatty acid elongation:
1. Occurs in the _____.
2. Enzyme: Multi-enzyme complex _____ _____ _____
3. Substrate: _____ _____
4. Coenzyme: _____

Back 23

SER; Fatty acid elongase; Malonyl CoA; NADPH

Front 24

Production of medium and short chain fatty acids:
1. Location: _____
2. Process: Reverse of _____-_____
3. Enzymes: _____ dependent
4. Substrate: _____ _____

Back 24

Mitochondrion; Beta-oxidation; NADH; Acetyl CoA

Front 25

Production of very long chain fatty acids (22-24 C):
1. Location: _____
2. Substrate: Elongation of _____ _____
3. Required for: synthesis of _____ during _____

Back 25

Brain; Stearoyl CoA; Sphingolipids; Myelination

Front 26

Desaturation of non-essential fatty acids:
1. Bond can only be added at _____ ___
Palmitic -> _____
Stearic -> _____
2. Enzyme: _____ ___ _____

Back 26

Delta 9; Palmitoleic; Oleic; Delta 9 Desaturase

Front 27

Essential Fatty Acids:
1. _____ (18:2) (omega 6)
2. _____ _____ (18:3) (omega 3)
3. _____ _____ (18:3) (omega 6)

Back 27

Linoleic; Alpha linolenic; Gamma linolenic

Front 28

Essential Fatty Acids:
1. Linoleic (18:___) (omega ___)
2. Alpha linolenic (18:___) (omega ___)
3. Gamma linolenic (18:___) (omega ___)

Back 28

1. 2; 6
2. 3; 2
3. 3; 6

Front 29

What are the food source(s) and deficiency symptoms of linoleic acid?

Back 29

Food sources: corn, soybean, peanut oil
Deficiency: Eczema or bumps on back of arms

Front 30

What are the food source(s) and deficiency symptoms of alpha linoleic acid?

Back 30

Food sources: Flax seed (linseed), black currant seed oil
Deficiency: trouble concentrating, heart disease, and cancers

Front 31

What are the food source(s) of gamma linoleic acid?

Back 31

Food source: Evening primrose oil

Front 32

Humans are unable to make _____ ______ _____ and so must consume them.

Back 32

Essential fatty acids

Front 33

_____ essential fatty acids:
1. Linoleic acid -> Arachidonic acid
a. Delta 6 desaturase and elongase
2. Linolenic acid -> EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) -> DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
a. Delta 6 desaturase and elongase

Back 33

Conditionally

Front 34

Conditionally essential fatty acids:
1. Linoleic acid -> _____ acid
a. _____ ___ _____ and _____
2. Linolenic acid -> _____ (_____acid) -> _____ (_____ acid)
a. _____ ___ _____ and _____

Back 34

Arachidonic; Delta 6 desaturase; Elongase; EPA; Eicosapentaenoic; DHA; Docosahexaenoic; Delta 6 desaturase; Elongase

Front 35

Fatty acids are stored as _____, also known as _____.

Back 35

Triacylglycerol; Trigylcerides

Front 36

Glycerol 3P (required for storage of fatty acids) sources:
1. _____ via _____ _____ in _____
2. _____ from _____ in _____

Back 36

1. Glycerol; Glycerol kinase; Liver
2. DHAP; Glycolysis; Adipose

Front 37

Regulation of total body fat stores:
1. Number and size of _____
2. _____ linked factors
a. _____ receptors
3. _____

Back 37

Adipocytes; Genetically; Dopamine; Leptin

Front 38

Regulation of total body fat stores (environmental factors that increase caloric intake):
1. Eating a _____ _____ of food
2. Eating with _____ _____
3. Availability of _____ _____ foods

Back 38

Wide variety; More people; Energy dense

Front 39

Leptin:
1. _____ _____ _____ protein
2. Produced by _____ _____ _____
3. Metabolic target: _____
4. Effect: _____ of food intake via _____ _____ hormone (CRH) and _____ of _____ ___

Back 39

Small molecular weight; White adipose tissue; Hypothalamus; Suppression; Corticotrophin releasing; Suppression; Neuropeptide Y

Front 40

_____ functions:
1. Component of mammalian cell membranes
2. Precursor of:
Bile acids
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D

Back 40

Cholesterol

Front 41

Cholesterol functions:
1. Component of mammalian _____ _____
2. Precursor of:
_____ _____
_____ _____
_____ ___

Back 41

Cell membranes; Bile acids; Steroid hormones; Vitamin D

Front 42

Disorders of _____ metabolism:
1. Cardiovascular disease
2. Gall stones

Back 42

Cholesterol

Front 43

Disorders of cholesterol metabolism:
1. _____ disease
2. _____ _____

Back 43

Cardiovascular; Gall stones

Front 44

Sources of cholesterol in the body:
1. 50% synthesized in the _____ of the _____
2. 50% from ____
a. Only _____ sources (_____, _____, _____)
b. Typical Western diet contains ___ mg/day

Back 44

Cells of the body; Diet; Animal; Eggs, meat, milk; 500

Front 45

Sites of cholesterol synthesis:
1. _____ (primary)
2. _____, _____, _____ (secondary)

Back 45

1. Liver
2. Intestine, adrenal cortex and gonads

Front 46

Energetic cost of cholesterol production:
1. ___ moles of _____ _____
2. ___ moles of _____
3. ___ moles of _____

Back 46

1. 18; Acetyl CoA
2. 36; ATP
3. 16; NADPH

Front 47

Stages of cholesterol synthesis:
1. _____ _____-> HMG-CoA -> _____
2. _____forms active _____ units (_____ _____)
3. ___ molecules of _____ _____ -> _____
4. _____ -> _____
5. _____ -> _____

Back 47

1. Acetyl CoA; Mevalonate
2. Mevalonate; Isoprenoid; Farnesyl pyrophosphate
3. 2; Farnesyl pyrophosphate; Squalene
4. Squalene ; Lanosterol
5. Lanosterol; Cholesterol

Front 48

Cholesterol synthesis (stage 1):
Acetyl-CoA -> acetoacetyl-CoA -> HMG-CoA -> Mevalonate
1. Occurs in the _____
2. Regulatory enzyme: _____-_____ _____
3. Coenzymes: _____

Back 48

Cytosol; HMG-CoA Reductase; NADPH

Front 49

Cholesterol synthesis (stage 2):
Mevalonate forms active isoprenoid units (farnesyl pyrophosphate)
1. Enzymes: _____ and _____
2. Coenzymes: _____ and ____

Back 49

Kinase; Decarboxylase; ATP and Magnesium

Front 50

The final isoprenoid unit, farnesyl pyrophosphate, is a precursor to form _____ (_____ ___).

Back 50

Ubiquinone; Coenzyme Q10

Front 51

Cholesterol synthesis (stage 3): Condensation of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate forms squalene (a linear molecule capable of folding into a _____)
1. Enzyme: _____ _____
2. Found in _____ _____
3. Coenzymes: _____, _____, _____

Back 51

Ring; Squalene synthase; Endoplasmic reticulum; NADPH, Mg, Mn

Front 52

Cholesterol synthesis (stage 4):
Squalene -> Lanosterol
1. Enzyme: _____

Back 52

Cyclase

Front 53

Cholesterol synthesis (stage 5):
Lanosterol -> Cholesterol
1. Occurs while bound to a _____ and _____-binding protein
Via loss of three _____ and _____
2. Enzymes: _____
3. Coenzyme: _____

Back 53

1. Squalene; Sterol; Decarboxylations and reductases
2. Reductase
3. NADPH

Front 54

Cholesterol has ___ carbons with an _____ group.

Back 54

27; -OH

Front 55

Cholesterol is _____ _____ _____ by regulation of HMG-CoA.

Back 55

End product inhibited

Front 56

Regulation of HMG-CoA Reductase (_____ enzyme):
1. Inhibition of Activity:
a. _____ and _____
b. Increased concentration of _____
2. Increased Activity:
a. _____ and _____ _____
b. _____ is the primary hormone that increases the activity

Back 56

Allosteric
1. Glucagon; Cortisol (glucocorticoids); Cholesterol
2. Insulin and Thyroid hormones (T3); Insulin

Front 57

Attempts to lower cholesterol by decreasing _____ _____ in humans have varying results.

Back 57

Dietary intake

Front 58

Cholesterol intake in rats:
1. 0.05% dietary cholesterol causes ___-___% of body cholesterol to be _____
2. 2% dietary cholesterol decreases _____ to ___%

Back 58

70-80; Synthesized; Synthesis; 50

Front 59

Lifestyle traits that elevate blood cholesterol levels:
_____blood pressure, _____, _____ gender, _____ obesity, Lack of _____, Drinking _____ water, Elevated serum _____ _____ _____

Back 59

High; Smoking; Male; Abdominal; Exercise; Soft; Free fatty acids

Front 60

Lifestyle traits that elevate FFAs:
Emotional _____, _____ _____, _____ drinking, _____ _____ meals rather than _____ _____ meals

Back 60

Stress; Cigarette smoking; Coffee; Few large; Many small

Front 61

Drugs classes that lower cholesterol:
1. _____ drugs
a. inhibit ____-____ _____
2. Examples
a. _____
b. _____
c. _____

Back 61

Statin; HMG-CoA Reductase; Lipitor; Zocor; Provochol

Front 62

Statin cholesterol drugs inhibit the synthesis of _____ _____, so supplementation of _____ mg/day is recommended.

Back 62

Coenzyme Q10, 100

Front 63

_____ _____ are synthesized in the _____ from cholesterol and, quantitatively, are the most important metabolic product of cholesterol.

Back 63

Bile acids, Liver

Front 64

_____ _____ characteristics:
1. Cholic and Chenodeoxycholic
2. Regulatory Enzyme:
Microsomal 7 alpha hydroxylase
Coenzymes: NADPH, O2, cytochrome P450 and Vitamin C

Back 64

Bile acid

Front 65

Bile acid characteristics:
1. _____ and _____
2. Regulatory Enzyme:
_____ ___ _____ _____
3. Coenzymes: _____, _____, _____ _____, and _____ ___

Back 65

1. Cholic; Chenodeoxycholic
2. Microsomal 7 alpha hydroxylase
3. NADPH, O2, Cytochrome P450 and Vitamin C

Front 66

_____ _____ types:
1. Primary (Liver)
a. Glycocholic acid
b. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
c. Taurocholic acid
d. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
2. Secondary (Intestine)
a. Deoxycholic acid
b. Lithocholic acid

Back 66

Bile acid

Front 67

Bile acid types:
1. _____ (_____)
a. Glycocholic acid
b. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
c. Taurocholic acid
d. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
2. _____ (_____)
a. Deoxycholic acid
b. Lithocholic acid

Back 67

Primary (Liver); Secondary (Intestine)

Front 68

Functions of _____ _____:
1. Assist the digestion of dietary fat
a. acts as an emulsifier which aids enzymatic digestion and therefore absorption
2. Secretion of bile is hormone controlled
a. hepatocrinin secretes bile from the liver
b. cholecystokinin causes emptying of the bile duct from the gallbladder
c. released when partially digested food enters the duodenum

Back 68

Bile acids

Front 69

Functions of bile acids:
1. Assist the digestion of dietary _____
a. acts as an _____ which aids _____digestion and therefore _____
2. Secretion of bile is _____ controlled
a. _____ secretes bile from the _____
b. _____ causes emptying of the bile duct from the gallbladder
c. Released when partially digested food enters the _____

Back 69

1. Fat; Emulsifier; Enzymatic; Absorption
2. Hormone; Hepatocrinin; Liver; Cholecystokinin (CCK); Duodenum

Front 70

Reabsorption of bile acids:
1. ___g of bile acids pass into the _____ per day
2. ___% of bile acids/salts are _____
a. Enter the _____ (_____) circulation [not systemic]
b. Re-secreted into _____

Back 70

1. 30; Intestines
2. 98; reabsorbed
a. Enterohepatic (Portal)
b. Bile

Front 71

Cholesterol metabolism and excretion:
1. Cholesterol cannot be digested or broken down to _____ _____ and _____
2. Removal is dependent on transfer into the _____ to be excreted in the _____
3. ___ gram(s) cholesterol is eliminated in the feces
a. 50% as _____ _____
b. 50% as _____
i. _____ convert it to _____

Back 71

1. Carbon dioxide; Water
2. Gut; Feces
3. 1; Bile acids; Cholesterol; Bacteria; Coprostanol

Front 72

In guinea pigs, _____ ___ deficiency leads to cholesterol accumulation and atherosclerosis.

Back 72

Vitamin C

Front 73

Bile acids (vitamin C deficiency mechanism):
1. Decreased activity of ___ _____ _____
a. Leads to decreased _____ _____ production
b. Leads to decreased excretion of _____

Back 73

1. 7 alpha hydroxylase
a. Bile acid
b. Cholesterol

Front 74

Natural remedies that lower cholesterol:
1. _____ ___
a. allows cholesterol to be converted to _____ _____ and secreted into the _____.
2. _____(especially _____ _____)
a. Binds _____ and _____ _____ and excretes them in the feces
b. Reason that _____ _____ “decrease” LDL

Back 74

1. Vitamin C; Bile acids; Intestines
2. Bran; Oat bran
a. Cholesterol; Bile acids
b. Oat cereals

Front 75

Synthesis of _____ _____:
1. Cholesterol -> Progesterone
a. Progesterone -> Cortisol
b. Progesterone -> Androstenedione -> Testosterone
i. Testosterone -> Dihydrotestosterone
3. Testosterone -> Estradiol

Back 75

Steroid hormones

Front 76

Synthesis of steroid hormones:
1. Cholesterol -> Progesterone
a. Progesterone -> _____
b. Progesterone -> Androstenedione -> Testosterone
i. Testosterone -> ______
3. Testosterone -> _____

Back 76

Cortisol; Dihydrotestosterone; Estradiol

Front 77

Alternate Route of _____ _____ synthesis (Via DHEA):
1. Cholesterol -> Pregnenalone -> DHEA -> Androstenedione:
a. -> _____
b. -> _____

Back 77

Steroid hormone; Testosterone; Estrone