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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism
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countless chemical reactions that sustain life
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What is another name for Producers and what are they (describe)
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Autotrophs
they make their own food by extracting nutrients and energy from nonliving sources |
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define Consumers and what are they
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they obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms
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What are decomposers, what is another name for them, and what do they do?
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heterotrophs
they obtain energy and nutrients from wastes or dead organisms |
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What is homeostasis?
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the process by which a cell or organism maintains this state of internal consistency or homeostasis
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What are the two ways that reproduction occurs?
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Sexually and asexually
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What does reproduction do?
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transmits DNA from generation to generation
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What happens in asexual reproduction?
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generic information comes from only one parents an all offspring are virtually identical
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What happens in sexual reproduction?
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when the genetic material from two parent individuals unite to form an offspring, which has a new combination of inherited traits
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What does mixing genes at each generation do? (sexual reproduction)
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results in tremendous diversity in a population
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What is adaptation?
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an inherited characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its invironment
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What is natural selection?
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the enhanced reproductive success of certain individuals from a population based on inherited characteristics
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What is taxonomy?
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the biological science of naming and classifying organisms
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What is the basic unit of classificaiton with regards to taxonomy?
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species
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What is a species with regards to taxonomy
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This designates a distinctive "type" of organism
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What is a genus with regards to taxonomy
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What the species are grouped into
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What do taxonomists strive to do?
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classify organisms according to what we know about evolutionary relationships
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What are the three domains of taxonomic categories
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bacteria, archea and eukaryotes
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How are bacteria and Archaea similar
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both are single-celled prokaryokes (DNA is free in the cell and not confined to a nucleus
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Define domain Eukarya
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contain all species of Eukaryota which are unicellular or multicellular organisms that contain a nucleus
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What are the kingdoms of Eukarya?
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Protista, Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae
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What is the scientific method and it's parts?
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- a general way of using evidence to answer questions and test ideas
1. Observation/Pose a question 2. Hypothesis 3. Data Collection 4. Analysis |
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Who developed the theory of natural selection?
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Charles Darwin
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What is peer review?
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Where scientists independently evaluate the validity of the mathods, data, and conclusion
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What is an experiment?
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an investigation carried out in controlled conditions
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What is a sample size?
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the number of individuals that the scientist will study
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What is a variable?
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a changable element of an experiment
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What is an independent variable?
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What the scientist manipulates to determine whether it influences the phenomenon of interest
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What is a dependent variable?
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What the scientist measures to determine whether the independent variable influenced the phenomenon of interest
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What is a constant or standardized variable?
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Any variable intentionally held constant for all subjects in an experiment, including the control group
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What is a placebo?
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An inert substance that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group
ex. sugar pills |
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What is a theory?
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an explanation for a natural phenomenon, but broader in scope than a hypothesis
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What forms molecules?
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Atoms
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What do molecules form?
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Organelles within cells
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What do cells form?
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Tissues
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What do tissues form?
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Organs
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What do organs form?
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Organ systems
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What do multple individuals of the same species form?
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populations
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What do populations form?
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Communities
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What do ecosystems incorporate?
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The nonliving and living environment
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What do ecosystems form?
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The biosphere
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What does life require?
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Energy
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What must organisms maintain
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Homeostasis
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What is matteR?
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any material that takes up space
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What are three forms of energy?
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heat, light, and chemical bonds
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What is a chemical element?
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a pure subsance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances
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Who invented the periodic table?
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Dmitry Mendeleyev
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How many elements are essential to life?
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25
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What are the four most abundant bulk elements in life?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON)
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What are trace elements?
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Elements that are required in small amounts
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What is an atom?
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The smallest possible piece of an element that retains the characeristics of the elemtn
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What carries a positive charge and where are they?
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Protons, in the nucleus
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What carries a negative charge and where are they?
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electrons, around the nucleus in the electron cloud
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What carries a neutral charge and where are they?
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Neutrons, in the nucleus
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What does the atomic number signify?
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The amount of protons in the nucleus
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When is an atom electrically neutral?
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When the number of protons equals the number of electrons
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What is an ion?
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An atom that has gained or lost electrons and there form has a negative or positive charge
ex. H+, Na+, K+ ex. OH-, Cl- |
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What does a mass number of an atom signify?
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the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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What is an isotope?
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An atom that has a different number of neutrons
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How does one calculate neutrons?
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Subtract the atomic number from the mass number
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What is the atomic mass/atomic weight?
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the average mass of all isotopes
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If something is radioactive, what does that mean?
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that they emit energy as rays or particles when they break down into more stable forms
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What is a molecule?
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Two or more chemically joined atoms
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What is a compound?
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a molecule composed of two or more different elements
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What is an orbital?
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The most likely location for an electron relative to its nucleus
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What is an energy shell?
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a group of orbitals that share the same level, this tells the number of electrons a shell can hold
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What is a valence shell?
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the outermost occupies energy sell
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What is a chemical bond?
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an attractive force that holds atoms together
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What is a covalent bond?
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When two atoms share electrons
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What is electronegativity?
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a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons
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What is a non polar covalent bond?
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a bipartisan union in which both atoms exert approximately equal pull on their shared electrons
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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a lopsided union in which one nucleus exerts a much stronger pull on shared electrons
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What is an ionic bond?
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an electrical attraction betwwn two ions with opposite charges
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What happens in a hydrogen bond?
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opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules, or within a single large molecule, attract each other
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What is cohesion?
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the tendency of water molecules to stick together
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What is surface tension?
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the tendency of a liquid to hold together at its surface
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What is adhesion?
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the tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other substances
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What does hydrophilic substances mean?
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substances that readily dissolve in water because they are polar or charged
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What does hydrophobic substances mean?
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non polar molecules that do not dissolve or form hydrogen bonds with water
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What does water do as an unusual property?
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resist temperature changes
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What is evaporation?
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he conversion of a liquid into a vapor
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What are hydrogen molecules locked into hexagonal shapes?
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When it's ice
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What is a chemical reaction?
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when two or more molecules swap their atoms to yield different molecules/some chemical bonds break and new ones form
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What are reactants in a chemical reaction?
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the starting materials
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What are the products of a chemical reaction?
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the results of the reaction
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In chemical reactions _______________ or ___________.
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atoms neither created or destroyed
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What is the pH scale?
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0-14
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What part of the pH scale are acids?
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0-6
ex. stomach acid, lemon juice, soda, tomato juice, coffee |
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What part of the pH scale is neutral?
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7
ex. pure water, saliva |
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What part of the pH scale is basic?
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8-14
ex. blood, tears, seawater, bile, baking soda, bleach, ammonia, soap, baking soda |
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What is the buffer system?
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pairs of weak acids and bases that resist pH changes
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What are organic molecules?
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chemical compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen
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What are the four most abundant types of organic molecules in organisms?
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Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
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What are three monomers?
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Proteins, nucleic acids, and some carbs
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What do monomers link together to create?
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Polymers
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How does your body create new polymers and muscle proteins?
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dehydration synthesis, removing one -OH
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What hydrolysis?
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Adding a -OH
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What do carbohydrates consist of?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in the proportion 1:2:1
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What is a hexagon or pentagon in relation to monomers?
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Sugars
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What are monosaccarides?
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The smallest charbohydrate
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What are disaccharides?
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two monosaccharides joined by dehydration snthesis
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What are ogliosaccarides?
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3-100 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
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What are polysaccharides/complex carbohydrates?
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100+ monomers
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What forms plant cell walls?
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cellulose
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What is the second most common polysaccharide in nature?
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Chitin
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What do most plants store?
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Starch
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Do lipids dissolve in water?
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No
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What is a triglyceride?
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thee long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded to glycerol
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What is a saturated fatty acid?
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a triglyceride that contains all the hydrogens it possibly can
A unsaturated one has at least one double bond between carbon atoms |
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What is a transfat?
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unsaturated fats whose fatty acid tails are straight and not kinked
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What do more jobs in the cell that any other type of biological molecule?
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Protein
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What is a protein a chain of?
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amino acids
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Are proteins long chains inside a cell?
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no
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What is the primary structure of a protein?
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amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain
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What is the secondary structure of a protein?
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substructure with a defined shape, folded into coils, sheets, and loops
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When is a protein denatured?
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when its structure is modified enough to destroy its function
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What are two nucleic acids?
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DNA and RNA
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What are cells?
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the smallest unit of life
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What is cell theory?
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1. all organisms are made of one or more cells
2. the cell is the fundamental unit of life |
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What are the two primary kinds of microscopes?
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Light Microscopes and Transmission/Scanning Electron Microscopes
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What are the two kinds of light microscopes?
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1. compound -2 or more lenses, visible light through a specimen
2. confocal- focuses white or laser light through a lens to the object |
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What does TEM microscope do?
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sends a beam of electrons though a very thin slice of a specimen
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What does a SEM do?
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send a beam across the suface of a metal coated, 3d, specimen
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What parts do all cells have?
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DNA, RA, r ibosomes,cytoplasm, and a cell membrane
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What do ribosomes do?
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structures that manufacture proteins
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What is cytoplasm?
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the fluid that occupies much of the volume of the cell
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What does a cell membrane do?
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forms a boundary between the cell and its enviroment
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What are prokaryotes?
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organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
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What are eukaryotes?
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cells that contain a nucleus and other membraneous organelles
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What is the nucleoid?
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the area where the cell's circular dna molecule congregates
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What are flagella?
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tail-like appendages that enable cells to move
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What is the cell wall and is it found in animal cells?
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Not found in animal cells, protects the cell and prevents it from bursting if it absorbs too much water
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What are organelles?
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what the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is divided into that carries out specialized functions
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What happens in a phospholipid?
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glycerol bonds only to 2 fatty acids
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What does a phospholipid bilayer cause?
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selective permeability
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another name for the cell membrane?
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fluid mosaic
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What is an endomembrane system and it's parts?
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cosists of several interacting organelles/ internal membranes
- he nuclear envelope, - endoplasmic reticulum - golgi apparatus - lysosomes - vacuoles - and cell membrane |
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What does the nucleus contain?
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DNA, teh cell copies these into RNA
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Where does the mRNA exit the nucleus?
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nuclear pores, which are holes in the nuclear envelope
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What does the nucleolus do?
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assembles the components of the ribosomes
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
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a network of sac and tubules composed of membranes
- smooth and rough exist |
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What is the golgi apparatus?
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a sack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs that function as a processing center for proteins coming from the ER
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What are vacuoles and what kind of cells do they occur in?
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Plant cells, contains salt/sugar/weak acids/enzymes
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Do animal cells have chloroplasts?
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No
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What are mitochondria?
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organelles that use a process called cellular respiration to extract the needed energy from food
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What is a cytoskeleton?
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in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cels, an intricate network of protein tracks and tubules
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What are plasmodesmata
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Channels that connect adjacent cells
- tight junction ====== -anchoring junction v^v^v^ - gap junction ==| | ===| |=== | | |
