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77 Cards in this Set
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vitamins
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organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health. Vitamins regulate body processes that support growth and maintain life.
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bioavailability
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the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
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precursors
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substances that precede others; with regard to vitamins, compounds that can be converted into active vitamins; also known as provitamins
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water-soluble vitamins
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B vitamins:
thiamin riboflavin niacin biotin pantothenic acid vitamin B 6 folate vitamin B 12 vitamin C |
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fat-soluble vitamins
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vitamin A
vitamin D vitamin E vitamin K |
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coenzymes
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complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures.
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Vitamin B 6
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Used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, red blood cells and helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and serotonin. Stored extensively in muscle tissue.
Deficiency: synthesis of key neurotransmitters diminishes, and abnormal compounds produced during tryptophan metabolism accumulate in the brain. Depression, confusion, risk of some cancers. and cardiovascular disease. Alcohol conributes to the destruction and loss of vitamin B 6 from the body. Toxicity: neurological damage Sources: meats |
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Thiamin
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Serves as a coenzyme. Assist in energy metabolism. Nerve activity and muscle activity in response to nerves depend heavily on thiamin.
Deficiency and toxicity Alcohol is bad prolonged deficiency can result in the disease beriberi - symptoms: weakness of muscles Sources: pork, whole grains |
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Riboflavin
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Serves as coeenzyme especially in energy metabolism.
Deficiency and toxicity: inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes, and GI tract. Excesses of riboflavin appears to have no harm Sources: milk, milk products. |
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Niacin
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Can be eaten preformed or made in the body from its precursor, tryptophan, an essential amino acid.
Deficiency: pellagra - symptoms: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventual death. Toxicity: niacin flush: a temporary burning, tingling, and itching sensation Sources: Meat, can be made in the body from the amino acid tryptophan. |
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Biotin
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A B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis.
Deficiency and toxicity: Egg whites cause biotin to not be absorbed. Depression, lethargy, hallucinations... no toxic symptoms Sources: widespread in foods; liver, egg yokes, soybeans... |
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Pantothenic acid
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A B vitamin. The principal active form is part of the coenzyme A called "CoA" Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism.
Deficiency: vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps no toxic symptoms Sources: widespread in foods: chicken, beef, potatoes... |
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Antagonist
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a competing factor that counteracts the action of another factor. When a drug displaces a vitamin from its site of action, the drug renders the vitamin ineffective and thus acts as a vitamin antagonist.
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Folate
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Also known as folic acid. Synthesizes the DNA and therefore important in new cell formation.
Sources: fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes seeds, liver. Deficiency: anemia: smooth, red tongue, mental confusion, weakness fatigue... Toxicity: makes vitamin B Neural Tube Defects: the brain and spinal cord develop from the neural tube and defects in its orderly formation during early weeks of pregnancy may result. Heart Disease: Cancer: |
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Vitamin B 12
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Closely related to folate, each depend on the other for activation. Used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain verve cells; reforms folate coenzyme; helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids.
Sources: foods of animal origin Deficiency: Pericious anemia |
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Intrinsic factor
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secreted by the stomach cells that bnids with vitamin b 12 in the smal intestine to aid in the absorption of vitamin B 12
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Atrophic gastritis
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chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by a diminished size and functioning of the mucous membrane and glands. This condition is also characterized by inadequate hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor two substances needed for vitamin B 12 absorption.
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pernicious anemia
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a blood disorder that reflects a vitamin B 12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by abnormally large and immature red blood cells.
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Choline
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Needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the phospholiped lecithin.
Deficiency symptoms: liver damage Toxicity: body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage. Sources: Milk, liver eggs, peanuts |
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inositol
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a nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose. Inositol is a part of cell membrane structures.
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Carnitine
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a nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the boy from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane.
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Vitamin C
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Roles:
-As an Antioxidant: defends against free radicals -As a Cofactor in Collagen Formation: helps to form fibrous structural protein of connective tissues known as collagen. -As a Cofactor in Other Reactions: |
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Free Radical
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an unstable molecule with one or more unpaired electrons.
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Collagen
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the structural protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments,and the foundations, of bones and teeth made.
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oxidative stress
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a condition in which the production of oxidants and fre radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage.
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Cofactor
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a small inorganic or organic substance that facilitates the action of an enzyme.
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Ascorbic acid
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one of two active forms of vitamin C
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Antiscorbutic factor
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the original name for vitamin C
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Histamine
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a substance produced by cells of the immune system as part of a local immune reaction to an antigen.
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Forms of Vitamin A
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Retinol: the alcohol form
Retinal: the aldehyde form Retinoic acid: the acid form Retinoids: chemically related compounds with biological activity similar to that of retinol. Beta-carotene; a precursor |
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Beta-carotene
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one of the carotenoids; an orange pigment and vitamin A precursor found in plants
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Carotenoids
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pigments commonly found in plants and nimal, some of which have vitamin A activity. The carotenoid with the greatest vitamin A activity is beta-carotene.
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mucous membranes
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the membranes, composed of mucus-secreting cells, that line the surfaces of body tissues.
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Vitamin A
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maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin bone and tooth growth, reproduction, immunity.
Sources: - retinol; fortified milk, cheese cream... - Beta-carotene; spinach, dark green leafy Deficiency: Hypovitaminosis A: night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), impaired immunity Toxicity: hypervitaminosis Aa; reduced bone density, liver abnormalities, birth defects. Blured vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo. |
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Vitamin D
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mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulation retention by kidneys)
Sources: synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight, fortified milk... Deficiency: Rickets; mis-shapen bones. Osteomalacia or osteoporosis: loss of calcium resulting in soft , flexible brittle and deformed bones. Toxicity: hypervitaminosis D; elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissues, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints. |
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Key bone nutrients
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Vitamin D, K, and A
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride |
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Vitamin D 2
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derived from plants
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Vitamin D 3
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derived from animals in the diet or made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholestrerol, a precursor of cholesterol, with the help of sunlight
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Vitamin E
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antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)
Sources: polyunsaturated plant oils; margarine, salad dressings, dark green leafy veg. (easily destroyed by heat) Deficiency: red blood cell breakage, nerve damage Toxicity: augments the effects of anticlotting medication. |
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Key antioxidant nutrients
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Vitamin C, E, beta-carotene
Selenium |
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Vitamin K
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synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins
Sources: synthesized in the body by GI bacteria; dark green leafy veg. Deficiency: hemorrhaging |
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Free radicals
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molecule with one or more unpaired electrons making it unstable and highly reactive.
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Antioxidants
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neutralize free radicals by donating of their own electrons, thus ending the chain reaction.
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Oxidative stress
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a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the ability to handle them and prevent damage.
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Oxidants
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compounds such as oxygen that oxidize other compounds. Compounds that prevent oxidation are called antioxidants.
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prooxidants
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substances that significantly induce oxidative stress
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phytochemicals
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non-nutrient compounds found in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body.
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intracellular fluid
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fluid with the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate. Intracellular fluid accounts for approximately two thirds of the body's water.
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AI for total water
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men: 3.7 L/day
women: 2:7 L/day |
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Blood volume and presure
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The kidneys are central to the regulation of blood pressure and volume.
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Instructions on whether to retain or release substances or water come from
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ADH, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone.
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ADH
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a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in resonse to dehydration that stimulates the dinets to reabsorb more water and therefore to excrete less.
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renin
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an enzyme from the kidneys that hydrolyzes the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which results in the kidneys reabsorbing sodium.
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angiotensin I
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an inactive precursor that is concerted by an enzyme to yield active angiotensin II
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angiotensin II
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a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation.
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vasoconstrictor
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a substance that constricts or narrows the blood vessels.
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aldosterone
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a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the re-absorption of sodium by the kidneys.
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adrenal glands
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glands adjacent to, and just about each kidney.
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salt
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a compound composed of a positive ion other than H and negative ion other than OH-. an example is sodium chloride.
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ions
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atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electons and therefore have electrical charges. examples include the positively charged sodium ion Na+ and the negatively charged chloride ion CI-.
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cations
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positively charged ions
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anions
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negatively charged ions
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electrolyes
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salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions.
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solutes
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the substances that are dissolved in solution. The number of molecules in a given volume of fluid is the solute concentration.
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osmosis
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the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated.
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buffers
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compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added.
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major minerals
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essential mineral nutrients needed in large amounts
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Key fluid balance nutrients
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sodium, potassium, chloride
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bio-availability
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the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.
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binders
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chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes the body cannot absorb.
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sodium
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maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.
Deficiency: muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite. Toxicity: edema, acute hypertension. Sources: table salt |
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chloride
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maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion.
Toxicity: vomiting Sources: table salt |
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potassium
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maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; facilitates many reactions; supports cell integrity; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions.
Deficiency: irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, glucose intolerance. Toxicity: muscular weakness; vomiting Source: all whole foods; meats, milks, fruits, veg, grains, legumes. |
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phosphorus
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mineralization of bones and teeth; part of every cell; important in genetic material, part of phospholipids used in energy transfer and buffer systems that maintain acid base balance.
Deficiency: muscular weakness, bone pain. toxicity: calcification of nonskeletal tissue, particular the kidneys |
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magnesium
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Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscles contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system.
Deficiency: weakness; confusion; if extreme convulsions. Toxicity: from nonfood souces only; diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration. Sources: nuts, lguems, whole grains, dark leafy greens |
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calcium
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mineralization of bones and teeth; also involved in muscle contraction and relation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, and blood pressure.
Deficiency: stunted growth in children, bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults. Toxicity: constipation; increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction; interference with absorption of other minerals. Sources; milk and mild products. broccoli, legumes |
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sulfate
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as part of proteins, stabilizes their shape by forming sulfide bridges; part of the vitamins biotin and thiamin and the hormone insulin.
Sources: all protein-containing foods meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts. |