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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Lipids |
-fats |
|
Fats |
-Lipids of animal orgin, eg. tallow, lard |
|
Oils |
-Lipids of plant origin, eg. corn oil, palm oil, canola oil (better of the plant oils) |
|
Roles of lipids |
-Provide energy |
|
Lipid digestion and absorption |
-broken down in to fatty acids by lipase from the pancreas |
|
Fatty acids that are dietary essentials |
-Linoleic acid (omega 6 fatty acid) (*dogs and cats*) |
|
Linoleic Acid |
-Omega 6 fatty acid |
|
Linolenic acid |
- Omega 3 fatty acid |
|
Alpha-linolenic acid |
-Omega 3 fatty acids |
|
Arachidonic Acid |
-Omega 6 fatty acid |
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Unsaturated Fatty acids (FA) |
-Omega 3 Non inflimmation |
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Saturated fatty acids (FA) |
-Omega 6 Inflimmation |
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Trans fatty acids |
-very unhealthy and their addition to food products is now illegal in many areas |
|
Lipid Deficiencies |
-Result in dry , flaky skin and coat |
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Omega 3 FA |
-needed for normal nervous system development |
|
Lipid excesses |
-energy needs are met by fat, so animal eats less of required protein, vitamins and minerals (Ca, P), resulting in deficiencies |
|
Cathartic |
-Cleans you out |
|
to prevent Spoilage of fat (Rancidity) |
-antioxiants that are added to prevent spoilage |
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LDL |
-Low density Lipoproteins (bad) |
|
HDL |
-High Density Lipoproteins |
|
VLDL |
-very low density lipoprotein |
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Minerals (Ash) |
-inorganic, non combustable element portion of diet |
|
Macrominerals |
-big need more than the micro |
|
Microminerals |
-Small |
|
Ca + P |
-Hydroxyapatite of bone, teeth |
|
Calcium (Ca++) Needed for: |
-Blood coagulation |
|
Phosphorus (P) is neede for: |
-in cell membrane |
|
Ca: P ratio in diet |
-2: 1 |
|
Calcium & Phosporus Sourses: |
-Dicalcium Phosphate: |
|
BSE |
-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy |
|
Calcium Carbonate: |
-Lime stone |
|
Phosphorus from animal sourses is : |
100 % available |
|
Phosphorus from plant sourses is: |
-Less than 50% |
|
Deficiencies of Ca, P, vitamine D |
-Ricketts in the young (calcium decrease) |
|
Phosphorus deficiency |
-decreases fertility |
|
Excess Ca and P |
-leads to soft tissue calcification (heterplastic ossification) |
|
Heteroplastic ossification |
-Calcium in muscles |
|
Magnesium (Mg) needed for: |
-muscle and bone structure and function |
|
Good sourses of Mg: |
-spinach, oysters, sunflower seeds, lima beans and garbanzo beans |
|
Deficiency of Mg may result from: |
-inadequate intake |
|
normal and excesses of Mg |
-< 0.1 % In the diet (cats) |
|
FUS |
-Feline urologic syndrome |
|
Struvite made of |
-Ammonium/Phosphorus/magnesium |
|
Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl) and Potassium (K) |
-Electrolites |
|
Cl needed for |
-HCl production in the stomach (gastric juice) |
|
NaCl |
-found in most diets; Rare to see a deficiency |
|
K |
-Needed for muscle and nerve function(cardiac function) |
|
Good sourses of K |
-Peaches, cantaloupe, watermelon, banana |
|
Animals w/ Diarrhea/ Vomiting: |
-Electrolites get depleted (Na, Cl, K) |
|
Animal w/ cronic Kidney disease |
-Give Tumil K supplement |
|
Hypoklemia |
-Low potassium (K) |
|
Sulfur needed to make: |
-organic compounds such as amino acids (methionine, lysine, cysteine, cystine, and taurine) |
|
Sulfer can be obtained from |
-vitamins such as biotin and thiamine |
|
Iron (Fe) |
-a component of hemoglobin (O2 carrier in RBC's) |
|
Pigs (Iron) |
-Need supplementation in pigs |
|
Sources of Iron (Fe) |
-tofu, clams, spinach, meat & poultry, beans, nuts, raisins |
|
Deficiency of Iron results in : |
-Anemia |
|
Excess Iron (Fe) |
-Toxicities (storage disease) |
|
Hemochromatosis |
-Storage of Iron in organs (liver, heart, kidneys) |
|
Copper (Cu) needed for: |
-Formation of melanin pigment in skin/ hair |
|
Sourses of Copper (Cu) |
-organ meats |
|
Deficiency of Copper |
-faded hair coat |
|
Excess of copper |
-build up in liver of susceptible breeds (ressesive gene) |
|
Manganase (Mu) |
-Neede for enzyme systems |
|
Cobalt (Co) |
-Needed for vit B-12 synthesis (Cyanocobalamine) |
|
Iodine (I) Needed/ Sourses: |
-to make thyroid hormones (T-3 and T-4) |
|
Too Little Iodine |
** Hypothyroid ** |
|
Too much Iodine |
**Hyperthyroid** (graves disease)-bug eyse |
|
Zinc (Zn) functions: |
-a component of many enzymes and the hormone insulin |
|
Deficiency of Zinc |
-Dermatitis |
|
Selenium (Se) Functions: |
-works w/ vit E and an antioxidant to prevent peroxides and free radical formation |
|
Deficiencies of Selenium |
- can cause WMD |
|
Toxicities of Selenium (Se) |
-Concentrated in certain plants in the west |
|
Chromium (Cr) needed for : |
-carbohydrate metabolism |
|
Chromium picolinate |
-chromium deficiency |
|
Vitamins |
-Made of organic substances |
|
Fat soluble vitamins |
-ADEK (can store in liver) |
|
Water soluble vitamins |
-B, C |
|
Vitamin A |
-fat soluble |
|
Vitamin A precursors: |
-carotenoids such as Beta carotene which are pigments in yellow/orange fruits and vegatables (carrots high in this) |
|
Beta carotene |
-is converted to vitamin A in the small intestine and liver of most animals (not in cats and box turtles) |
|
Lycopene |
-found in tomatoes and blueberries gets converted into beta carotene then vitamin A |
|
Carotenoids such as: |
- Beta carotene which are pigments in yellow/orange fruits and vegatables (carrots high in this) |
|
carotenoids and lycopenes |
-are not toxic b/c they are water soluble |
|
Vit A deficiencies can result in: |
-blindness |
|
Xerophthalmia |
-dry eye |
|
Vit. A excesses |
-liver damage |
|
Vitamin D |
-"sunshine vitamin" |
|
Osteopenea |
-need vit D and Calcium |
|
D-2 |
-(ergosterol in plant material) + gut enzymes = active form D2 |
|
D-3 |
-(7 dehydrocholesterol in skin) + UV light = active form D3 |
|
Vitamin D species differences: |
-humans/cats/dogs use either form (D2/D3) |
|
deficiencies of vit D |
-Ricketts in the young (calcium decrease) |
|
excesses of vit D |
-leads to soft tissue calcification (heterplastic ossification) |
|
Alpha Tocopherol |
-Vitamine E |
|
Sourses of vitamin E |
-young green forages |
|
vitamin E requirements |
-Needed for fertility, especially in males |
|
Vitamin E deficiency |
-+/- selenium>White muscle disease |
|
Vitamin K |
-needed to make prothrombin for clotting |
|
supplement w/ Vit K if : |
-on long term antibiotics (b/c antibiotics will kill normal flora may get a secondary infection) |
|
B complex |
-several B vitamins |
|
B -1 (thiamine) Need supplement if : |
-animal is fed raw fish |
|
Deficiency of B-1 (thiamine) |
-Polioencephalomalacia (opisthotonus or stargasing) |
|
B-2 (Riboflavin) |
-Helps break down fat |
|
B-2 (riboflavin) Deficency) |
-Glossitis |
|
B-5 (pantothenic acid) |
-coenzyme for Kreb's Cycle |
|
B-3 (Niacin) |
-Made from the amino acid tryptophan (except in cats*) |
|
B-3 (Niacin) Deficiency |
-oral ulcers/stomatitis |
|
B-6 (Pyridoxine) |
-Needed for hemoglobin synthesis |
|
B-7 (biotin) |
-Needed for healthy nails and hooves |
|
B-9 (folic acid) |
-Deficiency leads to neural tube defects in embryo |
|
B-12 (Cobalamine, Cyanocobalamine) |
-Needed for RBC production |
|
Pernicious Anemia |
-cant absorb B-12 due to lack of intrinsic factor made by pariental cells in stomach |
|
Choline |
-B vitamin-like substance found in plant and animal tissues |
|
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) |
-produced in liver from glucose (not by guinea pig, fish and primates) |
|
Vitamin C Is needed for : |
-Fe absorption |
|
Deficiency Vitamin C |
-Scurvy (skin lesions, bleeding gums) |
|
Antioxidants: |
-Vitamin A and Beta carotene |