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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define : Diet
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your usual pattern of food choices.
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Define: Nutrients
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Chemicals necessary for proper body functioning.
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What are some factors that influence personal food choices?
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food advertising, peers, income, moods, personal beliefs, family, ethnic background, education, food flavor texture and appearance.
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Define: Nutrition
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is the scientific study of nutrients, chemicals necessary for proper body functioning, and how the body uses them.
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Metabolism
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is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells, including chemical reactions (changes) involved in generating energy, making proteins, and eliminating waste products.
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Essential Nutrient:
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nutrient that must be supplied by food.
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Phytochemical
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compounds made by plants that are not nutrients.
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Lifestyle factors that contribute to the leading causes of death in the US:
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-poor diet
-cigarette smoking (primary cause of preventable cancer deaths) -Excess alcohol consumption -Lack of physical activity, leading to obesity, which is a risk factor for hear disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. |
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Calorie (kilocalorie)
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heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1 degree celsius; measure of food energy.
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Macronutrients
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nutrients needed in gram amounts daily and that provide energy; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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Micronutrients
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Vitamins and minerals.
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Empty-calorie
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Describes food or beverage that is a poor source of micronutrients in relation to its energy value.
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malnutrition
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state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished.
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What are the six classes of nutrients? What are their roles?
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1. Water
-Maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temperature, eliminations of wastes, participant in many chemical reactions. 2. Fat (lipids) -Energy(fat), cellular development, physical growth and development, absorption of vitamins. 3. Proteins -Production of structural components, such as cell membranes, functional components, such as enzymes,cellular development, growth, and maintenance, energy. 4. Minerals -Regulation of body processes, ex: fluid balance and metabolism, necessary for physical growth, maintenance, and development. 5. Carbohydrates -Energy (most forms) 6. Vitamins -Regulation of body processes including cell metabolism, maintenance of immune function, production and maintenance of tissues, and protection for cellular components. |
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T or F
There are four classes of nutrients: proteins, lipids, sugars, and vitamins? |
False:
6 Water Fat/lipids Protein Minerals Carbohydrates vitamins |
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T or F
Proteins are the most essential class of nutrients? |
False:
Water |
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T or F
All nutrients must be supplied by the diet, because they cannot be made by the body? |
False:
The body can synthesize (make) many nutrients, such as the lipids cholesterol and fat |
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T or F
Vitamins are a source of energy? |
False:
No |
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T or F
Milk, carrots, and bananas are examples of "perfect" foods that contain all nutrients? |
False:
No natural food is perfect. |
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Metric System Used in nutrition:
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kilo (k) - 1,000
deci (d) - one-tenth (0.1) Centi (c) - one-hundreth (0.01) Milli (m) - one-thousandth (0.001) Micro (mc) - one-millionth 1 kilogram = 1000 g 1 kg = 2.2 pounds 1 inch = 2.5 centimeters |
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Key Basic Nutrition Concepts:
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1. Most naturally occurring foods are mixtures of nutrients.
2. Balance and variety can help ensure the nutritional adequacy of a diet. 3. There are no "good" or "bad" foods. 4. Enjoy eating all foods in moderation. 5. For each nutrient, there is a range of safe intake. 6. Food is the best source of nutrients and phytochemicals. 7. Malnutrition includes undernutrition as well as overnutrition. |
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Nutrient Dense
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describes food or beverage that has more vitamins and minerals in relation to its energy value.
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Energy Density
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energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight.
Concentrated sources of energy - Dohnut vs. Strawberry |
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Physiological dose
vs. Megadose |
Amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally.
Megadose generally defined as 10 times the recommended amount of a vitamin or mineral. |
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Empty calorie vs. nutrient dense food?
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refer to earlier in notes.
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dietary supplements
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nutrients preparations, certain hormones, and herbal products.
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What is the smallest functional unit in the body?
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A cell.
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What are 3 key factors to determine whether a substance is an essential nutrient?
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1. deficiency disease
2. Add nutrient to diet and if disease is corrected 3. Explanation |
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Malnutrition: Worldwide
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Overpopulation
Parasites War and political civil unrest Disease Depleted farmland and other natural resources Lack of sanitary water Food distribution problems |
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Hypothesis
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possible explanation about an observation that guides scientific research.
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Anecdotes
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Reports of personal experiences
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Variable
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personal characteristic or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome.
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Scientific Method:
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1. Make observation that generate questions.
2. Formulate hypothesis to explain events. 3. design studies, perform test, and collect data. 4. Analyze data and draw conclusions 5.Share results with peers 6. Conduct more research to refute or confirm. |
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Placebo
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Fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure.
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Placebo effect
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response to placebo.
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Treatment group
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A group being studied that receives treatment.
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Control group
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group being studied that does not receive treatment.
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Epidemiology
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study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations.
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Case-control study
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study in which individuals who have a health condition are compared with individuals with similar characteristics who do not have the condition.
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Cohort Study
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study that measures variables of a group of people over time.
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Correlation
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relationship between two variables.
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Peer Review
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expert critical analysis of a research article before it is published.
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Research Bias
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Need to be research from an objective standpoint.
Many funding sources have biases and will fund things that will advance their own agenda. |
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Why is it important to have a control group?
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it enables scientists to compare results between two study groups to determine whether the treatment had any effect.
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Difference between retrospective and prospective studies?
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Retrospective studies are those which look at data already collected, ie they use data from the past. A case control study is an example of a retrospective study.
Prospective studies collects data with the study being designed before the outcomes have occurred (ie the study organisers take a group of people and monitor them over a period of time). Randomised control trials are an example of prospective studies. |
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Difference between a nutritionist and a registered dietitian?
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nutritionist - no standard legal definitions
Other is certified |