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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nutrition
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-the study of the food and drink requirements of living organisms for growth, maintenance, reproduction, lactation, work, and disease management
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Proper diet
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-Health maintenance
-disease management |
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Misconceptions
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all meat, all fish, vegtarian
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Common sense approach
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-no one food can meet the needs of every pet- judge effectiveness by watching animals weight and health
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Anthropomorphism
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-Giving animals human chereicterists
*ex. people don't like same food everyday and animals doo *animals don't feel guilt .... |
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Animals that wont eat
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-Not usually bored w/ food
-feeling ok? -food spoiled? -teeth ok? |
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food fixation
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-prefer one type of food
-may have increased fat or flavorings -may not be well balanced -People food -Gourmet foods |
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the appropriate feeding (varies w/ status)
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-growth
-maintenance -reproduction -geriatrics -managing disease |
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Malnutrition
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-Inappropriate feeding
-excess -deficiencies |
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Excess feeding
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-excessive carbohydrates= bloat, flatulence
-Excessive fat= obesity, diarrhea, pancreatitis -Table scraps are hight in fat leads to decreased food consumption leads to unbalanced diet |
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Pancreatitis
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-pancreas gets inflamed so may over produce
-some bording animals get this because stress |
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Deficiencies
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-insufficient calcium = nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism *leads to osteoperosis (need enouff to make muscles to contract) *thyroid gets activated stimulates osteoclasts(break down bone) bones can get rubberie
-Incufficient fat = vitamin deficiencies (ADEK), weight loss |
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Ration types
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1 what is formulated by nutritionists
2 what owner actually gives 3 what animal actually eats |
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Metabolism
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-the sum of all the physical/chemical processes and reactions in the body
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Digestion
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-physical/ chemical breakdown of nutrients so they can enter the bloodstream
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Nutrients
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-any chemical compound or element in the diet that is needed to support life function
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6 Nutrients needed for a balanced diet
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1. water
2. minerals 3. vitamins *small don't need to digest 4. protein 5. carbohydrate 6. fat *need to break down *contribute to giving you energy |
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the amount and proportions of these 6 nutrients depend on:
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-species
-age -physiological status -amount of work -environment |
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types of nutrients needed:
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-dietary essentials (like guinea pigs and primates Need Vitamin C so it is an essential)
-Non-dietary essentials -Water -Dry food -Canned food |
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* Water *
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-the most important nutrient in diet to maintain LIFE
-can only live a few days w/o this -if water deprived food intake will decrease if food is dry -if animal is off feed check water supply -water quality is importand -make sure water is not frozen take too much energy to eat ice and snow ( takes energy to warm up the ice/snow) |
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Role of water
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-regulate body temp
-makes up more than 90% of body -needed to rid body of toxins -facilitates metabolic functions -solvent in digestive processes -major component of blood |
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things that alter water intake
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-drugs (quartazone) (prednasone) PU&PD
-environmental temp -work -salt in diet -amt/ type of food eaten (canned vs dry) -age (adults drink less) -state of health |
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Dry food
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-90% dry matter/ 10% moisture
-animal will drink 2-3 parts water : 1 part food |
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Canned food
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-25% dry matter 75% moisture
-animal will drink little or no extra water |
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Energy
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-Next most important nutritional requirement after water
-needed for movement and temp regulation -not a nutrient by itself -drives metaolic reactions so nutrients can be used **animals eat to balance their energy needs** -measure energy in calories |
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1 calorie=
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-amount of heat needed to raise the temp of water one degree celsious
-1 Kcal = 1000 calories |
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to meet an animals engery needs 3 forms are
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-Protein (5.4 kcal/g)
-Carbohydrates (4.1 kcal/g) -fat (9.45 kcal/g) -the amount of energy from these sources depends on the diet fed the animal and the type of animal |
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Cats are
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-carnivores- energy mainly from protein (meat)
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Dogs are
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-omnivores- energy from carbohydrates and protein (plants & meat)
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GE
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Gross energy ( potential energy) of food
-not neccessarily available to the animal -measured in bomb calorimeter- resulting heat is measured -Coal,candy and corn all have the same GE, but different and availablities |
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DE
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-Digestible energy - energy of a food after the undigestible fraction (feces) is subtracted out figure out DE with feeding trials:
-get GE of food to be fed -Feed set amt to animal -collect Feces, weigh and get GE of feces *DE= GE(food) - GE(feces) -more accurate than GE -Better diets will list DE on label |
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ME
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-Metabolizable energy -the energy of a food that is digested, absorbed and utilized by the body
-energy after undigestible fractions (feces) and other waste products( urine) are subtracted out -more accurate than GE and DE -only way to do bird foods (urates produced) |
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Protein
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-Needed to build,maintain and repair tissue
-Needed for energy production -made of 23 amino acids( a.a.) -13 dietary non-essentials (DOGS) -10 dietary essentials (DOGS) -CATS also need taurine (cant make from lysine and methionine), so they have 11 dietary essentials |
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to measure protein:
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-All a.a. contain Nitrogen(N)
-% N obtained w/ the Kjeldahl technique -Crude protein (CP) measured using the Formula % N x 6.25= %CP |
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CP Formula
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%N x 6.25 = % CP
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Protein quality and quantity
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-high quality protein contains all the dietary essentiall a.a.
-animal based proteins usually better than plant based at having essential a.a. -eggs the best High biological value -Eggs vs. Leather, feathers, hooves, cartilage (digestibility issue) *the better the biological value the smalleer the amt needed to meet body requirements of the essential a.a. -plant proteins have low biological value due to deficiencies in essential a.a. -plant protein vs. leather,feathers etc. (biological value vs. digestibility) -if the digestibility is low then the amt of CP must increase to be of value -many of the better of foods list the digestible protein: **DP = CP (food) - CP (feces) |
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Protein is broken down to a.a by ?
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- pepsin (stomach) and trypsin (Pancreas)
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Anabolism
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-synthesis of tissue
-young animals -pregnancy -anabolic steroids -testosterone, winstrol (synthetic testosterone) -exercise |
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Catabolism
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-Breaking down of tissue
-old animals -corticosteroids -prednisone (flea allergy) -cushing's disease -Chronic stress |
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perfectly balanced food for dogs the protein content could be:
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-5% in maintenance diets
-13% in growth diets |
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Real world dog food protein contain :
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-15% in maintenance diets
-25% in growth diets |
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Animal protein pH
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-Low urine pH (acidic) Cats, carnivores
-these are more expensive so most foods contain a combination of animal/plant protein Resulting in FLUTD in cats (toms may get blocked) |
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Plant protein pH
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-alkaline urine pH
-Herbivores -to decrease urine pH (make more acidic) |
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To decrease urine pH use these:
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-give vitamine C
- methionine (amino acid put in food) - increase meat in the diet |
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Carbohydrates:
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-Necessary for energy production
- starches and sugars -fiber (cellulose and lignin) |
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carbohydrate requirements:
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-huge species differences:
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Dog carb requirements
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-Omnivores
-can eat 65% carb in the diet -up to 10 g/kg/day |
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Cat carb requirements
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-carnivores
-do not need carbohydrates can tolerate small amts -up to 4g/kg/day |
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carbohydrate metabolism :
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-sugars and starches break down with amylase to glucose in GItract
-age differences -young have Lactase enzyme -Milk (lactose = glucose + galactose =Lactase -Adults lacking enzyme: milk (lactose)= diarrhea |
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species differences sucrase /sucrose
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-cats and dogs vs. humans
-cats/dogs only have small amts of sucrase -sucrose found in molasses, honey, syrup, fruits, vegetables -with out sucrase it causes diarrhea -have sm amts of galactase if they are not usually fed galactose-containing foods -soybeans = glucose + galactose -dogs and cats cant break down soybeans -soybeans are good for humans w/ GI diseases -soybeans are in tofu -cooking increases the soubility and digestibility of carbohydrates |
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Starches
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-rice- most digestible carb available
-potato.corn and wheat- not as good as rice |
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Fiber
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-cellulose- microbes in the intestine make cellulase to break it down in the GI tract
-rumen (Ruminants, pseudo-ruminants) need fiber -cecum (horses guinea pig rabits) -Prevents constipation -used in weight reduction diets |
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Lignin
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Tree bark
-NO digestion in any mammals |
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Insoluble fiber
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-speed up GI tract
-don't break down |
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Soluble fiber
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-Pectin
-slow GI emptying -Increased nutrient absorption |
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Fiber HELPS GI Tract because :
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-it scrapes down the Lg and sm intestines and keeps it good
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