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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nonessential/dispensable amino acids
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amino acids that chan be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to meet needs
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vegetarianism
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a pattern of food intake that eliminates some or all animal products
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transcription
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the process of copying the information in DNA to a molecule of mRNA
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deamination
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the removal of the amino group from an amino acid
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complete dietary protein
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protein that provides essential amino acids in the proportions needed to support protein synthesis
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incomplete dietary protein
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protein that is deficient in one or more essential amino acids relative to body needs
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vegan
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a pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products
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protein turnover
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the continuous synthesis and breakdown of body proteins
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dipeptide
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two amino acids linked by a peptide bond
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denaturation
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the alteration of a protein's three-dimensional structure
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kwashiorkor
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a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which only protein is deficient
characterized by a bloated belly |
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protein quality
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a measure of how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins
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chemical/amino acid score
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a measure of protein quality determined by comparing the essential amino acid content of the protein in a food with that in a reference protein
the lowest amino acid ratio calculated is the chemical score |
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polypeptide
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a chain of three or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
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a measure of protein quality that reflects a protein's digestibility as well as the proportions of amino acids it provides
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gene expression
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the events of protein synthesis in which the information coded in a gene is used to synthesize a product either a protein or a molecule of RNA
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limiting amino acid
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the essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration in relation to the body's needs
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urea
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a nitrogen-containing waste product formed from the breakdown of amino acids that is excreted in the urine
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antibodies
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proteins produced by the body's immune system that recognize foreigh substances in the body and help destroy them
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phenkylketonuria (PKU)
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an inherited disease in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine
if the disease is untreated, toxic by-products called phenylketones accumulate in the blood and cause mental reatardation |
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essential/indispensable amino acids
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amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to meet needs and therefore must be included in the diet
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tripeptide
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three amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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transamination
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the process by which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon compound to form a new amino acid
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conditionally essential amino acid
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amino acids that are essential in the diet only under certain conditions or at certain times of life
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anaphalaxis
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an immediate and severe allergic reaction to a substance
symptoms: breathing difficulty, loss of consciousness, a drop in blood pressure requires immediate medical attention and can be fatal |
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marasmus
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a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet causes severe body wasting
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protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
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a condition characterized by wasting and an increaded susceptibility to infection that results from the long-term consumption of insufficient amounts of energy and protein to meet needs
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nitrogen balance
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the amount of nitrogen consumed in the diet compared with the amount excreted by the body over a given period
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protein efficiency ratio
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a measure of protein quality determined by comparing the weight gain of a laboratory animal fed a test protein with the weight gain of an animal fed a reference protein
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net protein utilization
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a measure of protein quality determined by comparing the amound of nitrogen retained in the body with the amount eaten in the diet
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biological value
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a measure of protein quality determined by comparing the amound of nitrogen retained in the body with the amount absorbed from the diet
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protein complementation
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combining proteins from different sources so that they collectively provide the proportions of amino acids required to meet needs
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amino acids
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building blocks of protein
contains a central carbon atom bound to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, an acid group, and a side chain |
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amino acid pool
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all of the amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are available for use by the body
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gene
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a length of DNA containing the information needed to synthesize RNA or a polypeptide chain
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translation
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the process of translating the mRNA code into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain
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