Nutrition Final

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If blood phosphorus levels are elevated, patients may develop

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osteodystrophy

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Patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure who are treated using peritoneal dialysis may have difficulty controlling their diabetes because

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glucose is absorbed from the dialysate

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Immediately following renal transplantation, energy needs

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are higher than normal

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Steroid therapy may result in

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glucose intolerance

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Most renal calculi are compsed of

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calcium oxalate

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The most important advice for prenecting kidney stones is to

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drink at least 10-12 cups of fluid daily

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An example of a food that may increase urinary oxalate levels is

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strawberry shortcake

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Medication used to reduce serum phosphorus levels should be taken

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with meals

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Patients with chronic renal failure often needs supplements that contain an active form of

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vitamin D

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In patients with chronic renal failure, inadequate producation of the hormone erythropoietin causes

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anemia

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Patients treated with hemodialysis often require supplements containing

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water-soluble vitamins

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In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneum serves as the

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dialysis membrane

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The type of peritoneal dialysis in which the patient receives continuous infusions for 4-6 hours during the day and 8 hours at night is known as

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countinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

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Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis have higher dietary protein needs than those treated with hemodialysis because

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albumin is lost into the dialysate

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Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis have higher dietary protein needs than those treated with hemodialysis because

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dextrose is absorbed from the dialysate

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For patient with renal failure, the best source of protein are

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high-quality proteins

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For patients with acute renal failure who do not need dialysis, protein intake should be about

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0.6 to 1.0 g/kg body weight

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During the oliguric stage of acute renal failure, daily fluid intake should be restricted to

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the amount of output plus 500 mL

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A gradual, irreversible loss of kidney function is called

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chronic renal failure

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Before development of end-stage renal disease, nutrtion therapy for patients with crhonic renal failure focuses on

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limiting foods that produce toxic metabolic by-products

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The National Renal Diet

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provides flexible meal planning tools for patients with chronic renal failure

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The duration and frequency of hemodialysis for patients with chronic renal failure is usually

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3-4 hours, three times per week

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Milk intake is restricted in patients who are receiving hemodialysis because it is high in

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phosphorus

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The overall function of the kidneys is to

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maintain chemical hmoeostasis in the body

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The individual units that carry out the work if the kidneys car called

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nephrons

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Nephrotic syndrome causes loss of excessive amounts of

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protein

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To control hypertension and edema, patients with nephrotic syndrome should restrict thier intake of

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sodium

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"Hidden" sources of sodium include

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softened water

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For patients with acute renal failure, sudden weight gains are usually caused by

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fluid retention

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Retention of excussive amounts of waste products of protein metabolism in the blood is known as

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azotemia

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Hypogonadism may contribute to malnutrtion and wasting because of

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fatigue and inability to prepare food

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Some types of antiretroviral therapy are associated with changes in body composition that are

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lipdystophy

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To minimize risk of incetion with Cryptosporidum, patients with HIV/AIDS should

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drink only filtered water or water that has been boiled for one minute

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Patients with cancer who undergo radiaiton of thier lower abdomen are likely to experiance

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diarreha

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Food that may help stimulate food intake in pateints with taste abnormalities include those that are

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tart

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Patients with AIDS should undergo intital nutrition screening and assessment

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as early as possible in the course of the disease

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Patients experiencing diarreha may benefit for decreased intakes of

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lactose and fat

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Patients who are experiencing nausea or vomitting may find it easiest to tolerate

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cold foods without odor

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Acquired immunodeficieny syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a

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retrovirus

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Infections that cause the morbidity associated with AIDS are called

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opportunistic infections

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Nutritional problems assoiciated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) include

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hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus

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The centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have defined wasting symdrome as

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involuntary lost of > 10% of body weight in 1 month with chronic diarreha, weakness, or fever

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Strategies that may help maximize food intake in patients with HIV/AIDS include

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eating several small meals and snacks daily

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One of the reasons that nutrtion therapy is so important for pateints with HIV/AIDS is that it is an area where

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client can be in control of their medical care

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In pateints with HIV/AIDS, wasting syndrome is often seen in conjunction with

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increases in viral load

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Surgical resection of tumors that involves gastrectomy may result in

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dumping syndrome

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Bone marrow cells and cells lining the gastrointestinal tract are more suseptible than other cells to damage caused by chemotherapy because they

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have a rapid turnover rate

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Effects of chemotherapy on bone marrow result in

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immunosuppression

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Side effects of radiation therapy are caused by damage to

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healthy cells within the treatemnt range

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An allogeneic bone marrow transplant uses bone marrow

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collected from a matched healthy donor

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Patients who receive bone marrow transplants often require parentral nutrtion. Some oral intake is important to help

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maintain the integrity of the small intestine

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Patients with immunosuppression who need to follow a low-bacterial diet should avoid

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fresh fruits

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The Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment tool

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allows for early detection of patients who have potential or actual nutrtional deficits

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The stage of carcinogenesis in which the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell undergoes mutation is called

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promotion

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Dietary factors that may help protect against carcinogenesis include

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antioxidants

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The chemicals in fruits and vegetables that help prevent cancer are known as

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phytochemicals

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National Cancer Institute recommendations to help prevent cancer include

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eating five or more dialy servings of fruits and vegetables

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The syndrome of loss of lean body mass and and body fat stores that occurs in many patients with cancer is called

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cachexia

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Benefits of adequate dietary intake in patients with cancer include

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increased tolerance of therapy

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The spread of malignant cells to secondary sites is called

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metastasis