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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Do muscles contract fast?
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Yes
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When muscles respond what DONT they do?
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Metabolize fat or carbohydrate for energy
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What do muscles depend on when they contract?
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Quick energy compounds to power their movements
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What are ATP and CP?
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- Quick Energy Compounds
- Muscles depend on them for quick energy compounds to power their movements |
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What makes up ATP?
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- All energy yielding nutrients
(carbs, fat, protein) Process: enerter metabolic pathways that make high energy compounds ATP |
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Where is APT located in the body?
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All over in small amounts
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How fast can ATP deliver energy?
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Instantly
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What does it do for muscles?
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- provides the chemical driving force for contraction
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What happens when the ATP molecule splits?
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its energy is release dand the muscle cells channel some of the that enegery into mechincal moment and most of it into heat
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Do muscles contract fast?
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Yes
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When muscles respond what DONT they do?
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Metabolize fat or carbohydrate for energy
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What do muscles depend on when they contract?
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Quick energy compounds to power their movements
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What are ATP and CP?
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- Quick Energy Compounds
- Muscles depend on them for quick energy compounds to power their movements |
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What makes up ATP?
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- All energy yielding nutrients
(carbs, fat, protein) Process: enerter metabolic pathways that make high energy compounds ATP |
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Where is APT located in the body?
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All over in small amounts
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How fast can ATP deliver energy?
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Instantly
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What does it do for muscles?
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- provides the chemical driving force for contraction
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What happens when the ATP molecule splits?
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its energy is release dand the muscle cells channel some of the that enegery into mechincal moment and most of it into heat
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Does CP occur before or after ATP?
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After- when the muscles are resnting
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What is CP?
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Muscle enzyme
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What does CP do?
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Breaks down aanother high energy compound that is stored in the muscle
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What is CP made of?
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Creatine with a phosphate group attacked
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How happens when CP splits?
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Releases phosphate and replenishes ATP supplies
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What does CP do to help the muscle?
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Replenishes ATP supplies
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How long does a CP supply last?
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~ 10 secondsproducing enough quick energy without oxygen for about 1 00-meter dash
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When activity stops and the muscles are resting what does APT do?
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Gives up one of its phosphate groups to creatine
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When is CP produced?
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When the activity stops and the muscle groups are resting
-During high rest by revering the process that occurs during muscle activity |
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How is CP produced?
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APT gives up one of its phosphate groups to creatine
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For prolonged demands of sustained activity where do muscles get their energy from?
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Fuel: Energy yielding nutritnets: carbs, fat and protein
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How are carbohydrates, fat and protein used by the muscle?
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Breaks down the energy yielding nutritnets to genetate ATP all day everyday and maintains the supple
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When the body is resting where does the body 50% of its ATP from?
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Fatty acids, glucose, amino acids
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Fuel mixture depends on what 3 factors?
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1) diet 2) Intensity 3) Training
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When is CP used for?
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Short bursts of energy
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Activity Intensity Extreme:
Activity Duration? |
8-10seconds
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Activity Intensity Extreme:
Preferred Fuel Source? |
ATP-CP (immediate availability)
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Activity Intensity Extreme:
Oxygen Needed? |
No (anaerobic)
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Activity Intensity Extreme:
Example Activity: |
100-yard dash, shot put
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Activity Intensity Very High:
Preferred Fuel Source? Oxygen Needed? |
APT from carbohydrate (lactate)
No oxygen needed |
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Activity Intensity High:
Preferred Fuel source? Oxygen Needed? Activity Example |
-ATP from carbohydrate
-Yes (aerobic) -Cycling, swimming or running |
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Activity Intensity Moderate:
Preferred Fuel source? Oxygen Needed? Activity Example |
-ATP from fat
- Yes (aerobic) -Hiking |
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What is absolutely needed for physical activity?
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Glucose
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Where is Glucose store?
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Liver and muscles
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What is glucose called when it lives in the muscles?
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glucogen
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How is glucose used during exertion?
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1. liver breaks down its glycogen and releases the glucose into the bloodstream. The muscles use this glucose as well as their own private glycogen stores to fueld their work
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What does the liver do with glucose during exertion?
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breaks down its glycogen and releases the glucose into the bloodstream
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How do muscles interact with glucose?
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Muscles take the glucose that the liver released into the bloodstream along with their own private glycogen stores to fuel their work
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How long can Glycogen supplies last?
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Support eveyrday activities but are limited to less than 2000 kcalories of energy (~20miles of running)
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If more glycogen is stored in the muscles what will happen?
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the logner the glygen will last during physical activity
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What happens when glycogen is depleted?
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The muscles become fatigued
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What influences how much glucogen is stored?
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How much carbohydrates a person eats
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What influences how long a perosn's glycogen will last?
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- Diet & intensity of activity
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How quickly is glycogen used when jogging or breathing steadily?
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use glycogen slowly
- the lungs and circulator stystem hav eno trouble keeping up witht he muscles' need for o2. The indiviudal breaths easily and heart beasts steadily and the activitiy is aerobic. Their muscles derive their energy from both glucose and fatty acids. |
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What do fatty acids do?
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- used during moderate exercise-
-body uses it for energy along with glucose - helpds conserve glycogen |
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What is lactate?
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the product of anaerobic glycolysis
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When does glucose depletion occur?
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After a couple of hours of strenuous activity
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What happens when glucose depletion occurs?
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it brings nervous system function to a half, making continued exertion at the same intensity almost impossible "hitting the wall"
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How to avoid glucose debilitation
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- Eat high carb diet (8grams of carb per kligram of body weight)
- Take glucose periodically during activities - Eat high card foods - Train the muscles to sotre as much glucogen as possible |
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Do nutrient supplements enahce the performance of well nourished people?
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No
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What is Vitamin E ?
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- Antioxident
- Defends cell memberanges against the oxidative damage of free radicall |
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When is Vitamin E used?
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During prolonged, high intensitive physical activity the muscles' consumption of oxygen increases tenfold which increases the production of free radicals in the body. Defend cell membreanges against the oxidative damage of free radicals
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Who is suspectible to iron deficiency?
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Physically active young women, espeicialy those who engage in endurance activities such as distance running
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What can cause iron definincy in active young women?
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- low intakes of iron rich foods
- high iron losses through menstration - high demands of muscles for the iron containing electron carries of mitochondria and the muscle protein myoglobin |
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How can vegetarian young women fight against iron deficency?
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foritified cereals, legumes, nuts and seeds, includ vitamin C-rich foods with each meal
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What is iron deficiency anemia?
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impairs physical perfomance because the hemoglobin in the red blood cells is nedded to deliver oxygen to the cells for energy metablish. without adequate oxygen an active person cannot performa areobic activities and tires easily.
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What is needed more than any other nutrient?
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water
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How does the body used water?
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relies on watery fluids as medium for all its life-supporting activities
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How is water lost during physical activitiy?
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breathing and sweat
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What is hyponatremia?
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dangerous condition when the body loses too much soodium
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What is Vitamin E ?
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- Antioxident
- Defends cell memberanges against the oxidative damage of free radicall |
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When is Vitamin E used?
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During prolonged, high intensitive physical activity the muscles' consumption of oxygen increases tenfold which increases the production of free radicals in the body. Defend cell membreanges against the oxidative damage of free radicals
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Who is suspectible to iron deficiency?
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Physically active young women, espeicialy those who engage in endurance activities such as distance running
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What can cause iron definincy in active young women?
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- low intakes of iron rich foods
- high iron losses through menstration - high demands of muscles for the iron containing electron carries of mitochondria and the muscle protein myoglobin |
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How can vegetarian young women fight against iron deficency?
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foritified cereals, legumes, nuts and seeds, includ vitamin C-rich foods with each meal
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What is iron deficiency anemia?
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impairs physical perfomance because the hemoglobin in the red blood cells is nedded to deliver oxygen to the cells for energy metablish. without adequate oxygen an active person cannot performa areobic activities and tires easily.
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What is needed more than any other nutrient?
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water
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How does the body used water?
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relies on watery fluids as medium for all its life-supporting activities
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How is water lost during physical activitiy?
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breathing and sweat
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What is hyponatremia?
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dangerous condition when the body loses too much soodium
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What is fertility?
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A capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce sprem; the ability to reproduce
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What has the most direct influence on the developing fetus?
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The woman's nutrition
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What are the 3 things a hopeful pregnant woman needs to do?
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1. Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
2. Choose an adequate and balanced diet 3. Be physically active |
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Women who are underweight and over weight are at risk of what?
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infertility
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What type of men have a low sperm count?
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Overweight and obese men
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What does excess body fat in women do?
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disrupts menstrual regularity and ovarian hormone production
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How are malnutrition and fertility related?
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Malnutrition impairs the early development of an infant should a woman become pregnant
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How does a woman with a balance diet have an advantage?
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influence fertibility
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Which type of men have higher sperm counts?
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Men with diets rich in antioxidant nutritions
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What should women trying to get pregnant have a diet consisting of?
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high in hemeiron, iron-ich plant foots, viatmin C, synthetic folate
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In the early days of pregnancy what happens?
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-spongy structure known as placenta develops in the uterus
-amniotic sac and umbilical cord form |
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What is placenta?
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the organ that develops inside the uterus early in pregnancy though which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen and returns carbon dioxide and other waste products to be excreted
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What is the uterus?
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The muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth
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What is the amniotic sac?
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the bag of waters in the uterus in which the fetus floats
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What is the umilical cord?
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Ropelike structure through which the fetusu's veins and arteries reach the placenta; the route of nourishment and o2 to the fetus and the route of rate displos from the fetutus
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What is expelled from the uterus during childbirth?
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- placenta, uterus, amnoitic sac, umilical cord
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What does fetal development begin?
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With the ovum and sperm
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What is the ovum?
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female reproductive cell, capable of developing into a new organism upon fertilization; commonly refered to as an egg
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What is sperm?
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Male reproductive cell, capable of fertilizing an ovum
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What is a newly fertilized ovum called?
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zygote
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What is a zygote?
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Newly fertilized egg
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What happens to the zygote?
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Begins as a single cell and then rapidly divides to become a blastocyst
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What happens to the blastocys during the first week of fetal development?
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floats down into the uterus where it will embed itself in the inner uterine wall
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What is implantation?
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When the blastocyst floats down intot he uterus where it will embed itself int the inner uterine wall
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What is the embryo?
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The developing infant from two to eight weeks after conception
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What are critical periods in infant development?
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Times of intense delveopment and rapid cell division
- ciritical in the sense that htoese cellular activiites can occur only at those times. |
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What fetal development is most vulnerable to adverse influences?
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Neural tube development
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What are adverse influences that affect fetal development?
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Nutrient deficiences, nutrient excesses, toxis
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What are the two main types of neural tube defects?
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Spina bifida, anencephaly
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How does anencephaly occur?
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When the upper end of the neural tube fails to close. Consequentally the braint is eithe rmissing or fails to develop -often end in a miscarriage
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