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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
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carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, water, vitamins, proteins
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Which nutrients are inorganic?
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minerals and water (do not contain carbon)
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What is the difference between inorganic nutrients and organic nutrients?
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Inorganic nutrients do NOT contain carbon
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Studies of populations that reveal correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence are.....?
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epidemiological studies
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What percent of calories should come from carbohydrates?
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45-65%
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What percent of calories should come from fat?
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20-35%
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What percent of calories should come from protein?
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10-35%
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EAR =
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Estimated Average Requirements
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RDA =
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Recommended Dietary Allowances
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AI =
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Adequate Intakes
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UL =
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Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
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EER =
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Estimated Energy Requirement
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AMDR =
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
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Primary deficiency
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a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient
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Secondary deficiency
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a nutrient deficiency cause by something such a disease or drug interaction that reduces absorption, accelerates us, hastens excretion, or destroys the nutrient.
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Subclinical deficiency
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a deficiency in the early stages, before the outward signs have appeared
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What are the 6 diet-planning principles?
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Adequacy, balance, kCalorie (energy) control, nutrient density, moderation, variety
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5 food groups
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Fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, milk and milk products
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Foods within a given food group of the USDA Food Guide are similar in their contents of:
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vitamins and minerals
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Enriched grain products are fortified with:
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iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate
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Nutrient claims
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statements that characterize the QUANTITY
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Health claims
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statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and DISEASE OR CONDITION
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Structure-function claims
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statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and its ROLE IN THE BODY
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What is the path that food follows through the digestive system?
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Mouth --> Esophagus --> Stomach --> Small intestine --> Large intestine
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Peristalsis
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wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along
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Which parts of the body secrete digestive juices or bile?
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salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, liver, galbladder, intestinal glands
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The main function of bile is to:
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emulsify fats
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The pancreas neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine by secreting:
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bicarbonate
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Which nutrient passes through the GI tract mostly undigested and unabsorbed?
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fiber
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How is blood routed through the digestive system?
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heart --> arteries --> capillaries --> veins --> heart
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All blood leaving the GI tract travels first to the:
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liver
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Digestion and absorption are coordinated by which 2 systems?
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hormonal system and nervous system
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Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin are examples of:
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hormones
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glucose + glucose =
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maltose
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glucose + fructose =
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sucrose
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glucose + galactose =
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lactose
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3 monosaccharides important in nutrition:
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glucose, fructose, galactose
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3 important polysaccharides in nutrition:
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glycogen, starches, fibers
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condensation (key word to remember is...?)
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combine
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The significant difference between starch and cellulose is that:
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digestive enzymes can break the bonds in starch, but not in cellulose
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The ultimate goal of carbohydrate digestion and absorption is to yield:
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glucose
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With insufficient glucose in metabolism, fat fragments combine to form:
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ketone bodies
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health effects of sugars
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nutrient deficiencies and dental caries
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Added sugars should account for no more than _______ of the day's total energy intake.
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25%
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Risk of using sugar alcohols
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low glycemic response
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Benefit of sugar alcohols
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do not contribute to detail caries
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Health effects of starches and fibers
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heart disease, diabetes, GI health, cancer, weight management
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What foods provide starches and fibers?
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grains, vegetables, fruits, milk products, protein foods (legumes)
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Three classes of lipids
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Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
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Roles of phospholipids
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help fat-soluble substances to pass easily thru cells; emulsifiers
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What features distinguish fatty acids from each other?
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length of carbon chain, degree of unsaturation, and location of double bonds
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saturated
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maximum number of hydrogen atoms
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unsaturated
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lacks hydrogen atoms and has at least 1 double bond between carbons
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Hydrogenation
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hydrogens are added to reduce # of double bonds to make fats more saturated; produces trans-fatty acids
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Trans-fatty acids
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fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond
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3 fatty acids + glycerol =
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triglyceride
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phosphate group + choline + 3 fatty acids =
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phospholipid
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What kind of structure do sterols have?
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multiple-ring structure
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What transports lipids?
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lipoproteins
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Which of the lipoproteins are the largest and least dense?
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chylomicrons
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Micelles are part of lipid....
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absorption
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Very Low Density Lipoproteins are composed primarily of...
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triglycerides
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Low Density Lipoproteins are composed primarily of...
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cholesterol
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High Density Lipoproteins are composed primarily of...
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protein!
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Chylomicrons are produced where?
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in the small intestine
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Which of the fatty acids are essential?
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linoleic acid and linolenic acid
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Linoleic acids go with (Omega-6 or -3?)
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Omega-6
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Linolenic acids go with (Omega 6 or 3?)
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Omega-3
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
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set of nutrient intake values used to plan and evaluate diets for HEALTHY PEOPLE
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EAR (Estimated Average Requirement)
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amount of nutrition that supports a specific function in the body for HALF OF THE POPULATION
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RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)
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establishes a goal for dietary intake that will meet the need of ALMOST all healthy people.
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4 Nutrition Assesment methods
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historical info on diet and health, anthropometric measurements, physical examinations, and lab tests
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Water soluble nutrients or small fat fragments enter the....
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blood
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Fat soluble nutrients enter the ....
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lymph
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Functions of triglycerides in the body:
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provide energy, insulate against temp. extremes, protect against shock, and help the body use carbs and protein efficiently
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