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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Know the percentage of water in the body- muscle, fat, and bone tissue.

Muscle-70%


Fat-30%


Bone tissue- 10%

What is the single largest body substance?

Water

Average % of water in men

60-65

Average % of water in woman

50-54%

Why do woman have less water in the body?

Higher fat masses so the lower % of water; obese people have less water% too

Children reach the adult proportion of water to body weight at about what age?

3 years old

Intracellular fluid

Fluid within the cells (46%)

Extracellular fluid

Includes all fluid outside cells

Interstitial fluid

Between or surrounding cells

Intravascular fluid,

Fluid within vessels, arteries,arterioles, capillaries, venues, and veins

Lymphatic fluid

Lymph via the lymphatic vessels assists in returning the fluid part of the blood to the heart

Transcellular fluid

Includes CSF, pericardial fluid, plural fluid, synovial fluid, intraocular fluid, and GI secretions

What are the functions of water?

- body's shape and form


- help maintain blood volume, pressure


-regulate body temperature


- solvent for minerals, glucose, molecules


-solute- substance dissolved in solvent

How does the body use water?

Continually move from one body compartment to another and can be reused by the body to preform different tasks

_________ amount of water in the bloodstream

Small

___________ amount of water in the intestines.

Large

What diseases could cause edema?

Heart failure


Kidney disease


Lymphatic/ venous blockage


Sodium retention


Protein deficiency

Water intoxication causes

Extensive ingestion of water, increased infusions of hypotension IV solutions, excess secretions of antidiuretic hormone.


Clinical manifestations are abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and dizziness. Can potentially lead to convulsions and coma.

What mineral has the most influence I extracellular fluid osmolality?

Sodium

What is the recommended Dietary Reference intakes?

Fluid-80%


Food-20%



Increase food consumption when physically active


Infants get adequate amount through via breast milk


Osmotic pressure

The maximum pressure that develops in a solution separated from a solvent that develops in a solution separated from a solvent by a membrane permeable only to the solvent

Sodium pump

Moves Na ions out of the cell (and water follows)

Potassium pump

Moves potassium ions into the cell

Sodium potassium pump

Works by pumping two potassium ions into the cell and pumping out three sodium i9ns using energy from ATP molecule

Serum electrolytes

Include Na, K, Cl

The amount of urine necessary to carry away waste products is called __________ excretion.

Obligatory

When a nurse assesses a client with insufficient fluid volume what signs and symptoms would be noted?

Decreased skin turgor, dry mucus membrane (thirst),sudden weight loss, low b/p, weak rapid pulse, change in mental status, neck vein flat when patient is in supine position

What is dilututional hyponatremia?

An increase in the volume of free water in the body

Why do we watch older adults on their fluid intake?

Because their thirst mechanism can be altered

What form of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Bicarbonate

Insensible water loss of how many ml/day and what organs are involved?

600-900ml (lungs and skin)

Type of patient would not be reliable for accessing skin turgor?

Elderly

Difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

Exhaustion- being exposed to high temperature and can cause water depletion (dehydration)


Heat stoke- persons mechanism to regulate body temperature failed

Single most important indicator of fluid status in the body?

Daily weight

Milliequivalent is a term used to describe?

A number of substances in a solution

Isotonic solution

a solution in which the solute and solvent are equally distributed(cells want this, inside and outside liquid concentration of the cell to be equal)

Hypotension solution

Concentration of solutes is greater inside than the outside of it

Hypersonic solution

Concentration of solutes is greater outside than the cell than inside it

Hydrostatic blood pressure

Systolic and diastolic


The force of hydrostatic pressure means that as blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out through its pores and into the interstitial space. This movement means that the pressure exerted by the blood will become lower, as the blood moves along the capillary, from the arterial to the venous end

Colloidal osmotic preasure

Oncotic pressure, or colloid osmotic pressure, is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. It is the opposing force to hydrostatic pressure

Malnutrition

Kwashiorkor

Water balance intake and excretion is

Diabetes insipidus

Causes imbalance of water in the body. Leads to intense thirst even after drinking (polydipsia) and excretion of large amounts of urine(polyuria) lacks ADH

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

condition in which high levels of a hormone ADH cause the body to retain water.

SIAD causes

Central nervous system disorders


Lung disease


Some tumors


Certain drugs (selective serotonin re-take inhibitors SSKIs)


Surgery induced severe nausea, pain

Acidity or alkalinity is measured by a scale called

pH for potential of hydrogen

Acids

Are rated 0-6.999 7.0 is neurtal

Base

(Alkalis) are greater than 7

Normal pH of extracellular fluid

7.35-7.45

Acidosis

Condition that causes lungs to automatically increase rate and depth of breathing, eliminating more carbon dioxide than water (<7.35)

Alkalosis

Kidneys conserve hydrogen ions and excrete sodium and bicarbonate ions (>7.45)

The _____ help maintain pH

Lungs

The ________ to acidosis begins within__________

Respiratory responce, minutes

Hyperventilation resulting from anxiety

Breathing through only one nostril with the mouth closed. *Paper bag method can cause hypoxia*

From the renal system, how does the kidney maintain pH? How long does it take to start? How long to compensate changes in blood pH?

Weight changes can be caused by?

Metabolic events ad well as fluid shifts

Large amounts of fluid can accumulate in several places in the body _________ the circulatory system.

Outside

Third space losses

Involve internal bleeding, collection of fluid in chest cavity, or abdomen ascites

An alert nurse can spot an early clue to third space losses by the

Decreasing urine output despite seemingly adequate fluid intake

Sensible water losses

Water losses including extracellular ions sodium and chloride


Persiration


Urine


Gastrointestional

Insensible water losses

Water that is invisibly lost through the lungs and skin


Lungs- moisture exhaled


Skin- perspiration