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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are erythrocytes?
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red blood cells
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What is the name for red blood cells?
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erythrocytes
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What are leukocytes?
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White blood cells
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What is the name for white blood cells?
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Leukocytes
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What are platelets?
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Cell fragments that assist in blood clotting
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What is the name for the cell fragments that assist in blood clotting?
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platelets
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What is the name of the fluid portion of the blood that maintains adequate blood volume?
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plasma
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What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?
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55%
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What percentage of blood is composed of red blood cells?
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45%
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What percentage of blood is composed of platelets and white blood cells?
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Less than 1%
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What are the nutrients that maintain healthy blood?
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Iron, Zinc, Copper, Vitamin K, Folate, Vitamin B12
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What are the electron carriers within the metabolic pathways for energy production from carbs, fats, and protein?
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Cytochromes
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What are the two oxygen-carrying molecules that iron is used in?
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Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
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Where is myoglobin found?
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Muscle
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What kind of iron is NOT a part of hemoglobin and myoglobin?
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Non-heme iron
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What is the name of the iron transport protein in blood?
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Transferrin
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What does transferrin do?
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Transport iron in the blood
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What group of people require the highest RDA of iron?
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Pregnant women
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What is the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children?
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Accidental iron overdose
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What is hemachromatosis?
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Excessive absorption of dietary iron and altered iron storage
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What vitamin should be avoided when a person has hemachromatosis?
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Vitamin C
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What is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world?
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Iron deficiency
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Which is more severe: erythropoeisis, or anemia?
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Anemia
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Intake of what nutrients inhibit zinc absorption?
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High amounts of non-heme iron,
Phytates and fiber in whole grains and beans |
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What dietary factor enhances zinc absorption?
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Animal-based proteins
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High intake of zinc increases concentrations of what lipoprotein?
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High density
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What enzyme system is copper a part of?
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Superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system
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Intake of what impairs copper absorption?
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High intake of zinc and iron
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Wilson disease, with symptoms of liver damage, appears in toxicity of what nutrient?
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Copper
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What nutrient acts as a coenzyme for assisting in synthesizing blood coagulating proteins?
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Vitamin K
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What nutrient assists prothrombin and procoagulants?
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Vitamin K
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What is found in green leafy vegetables and soybean and canola oils?
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Vitamin K
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What vitamin are newborns given injections of at birth?
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Vitamin K
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Functions: DNA Synthesis, amino acid metabolism, cellular division and differentiation, interrelated with B12 and B6 in some metabolic functions
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Folate
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Is folate's bioavailability better from supplements or from food?
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Supplements
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What are the typical 4 stages of deficiency?
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Negative Balance (1)
Depletion (2) Deficiency Erythropoiesis (3) Deficiency Anemia (4) |
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Toxicity of folate can mask what?
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Vitamin B12 deficiency
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Macrocytic anemia, elevated homocysteine levels, and neural tube defects result from deficiency of what?
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Folate
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What vitamin maintains the myelin sheath of nerve fibers?
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Vitamin B12
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What does B12 require for intestinal absorption?
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Acidic environment and intrinsic factor
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Where can B12 be stored?
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The liver
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What vitamin are vegans especially susceptible to deficiency of?
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B12
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What two nutrients are required for breakdown of the amino acid homocysteine?
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Folate and Vitamin B12
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Folate and Vitamin B12 are required for the breakdown of what amino acid?
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Homocysteine
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What is the definition of anemia?
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Low hemoglobin
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What genetic problems cause anemia?
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Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
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Microcytic anemia is caused by what deficiency?
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iron or vitamin B6
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Macrocytic anemia is caused by what deficiency?
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vitamin B12 or folate
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Pernicious anemia is caused by what deficiency?
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vitamin B12
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What are the nonspecific defenses?
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Skin and mucous membranes, and stomach acid
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Macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells are example of what kind of immune cells?
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Nonspecific immune cells
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What is the specific immune system directed against?
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Recognized antigens
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What does the specific immune system induce to destroy an invader?
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Antibodies
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What are the two main types of specific immune system cells?
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B cells and T cells
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What are 4 ways to acquire specific immunity?
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Contract a disease once, vaccinations, maternal antibodies, and antiserum injections
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Malfunction of the immune system causes what?
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Chronic inflammation and infection
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A sensitive indicator of reduced nutritional status is a decrease of what?
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Immunocompetence
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What are the signaling molecules that essential fatty acids are precursors for?
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Eicosanoids
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Which fatty acids promote inflammatory response to help contain infection?
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Omega-6 fatty acids
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Which fatty acids diminish inflammation in blood vessels to prevent heart disease?
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Omega-3 fatty acids
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Which vitamin maintains mucosal surface?
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Vitamin A
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Which vitamins protect cell membranes from reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
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Vitamins C and E
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What nutrient assists immune cell gene expression and enzyme activation (B and T cell proliferation)?
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Zinc
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Which nutrient is a growth factor for immune cells?
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Copper
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Which nutrient impairs immune function when deficient?
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Iron
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Which nutrient is a coenzyme for glutathione peroxidase?
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Selenium
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Which nutrient promotes B and T cell proliferation and antibody production?
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Selenium
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Which nutrient can impair immunity in excessive amounts?
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Selenium
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