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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diabetes mellitus affects the metabolism of
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carbohydrates
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Diabetes is characterized by
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myperglycemia
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hyperglycemia is
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abnormally large amounts of glucose in the blood
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Insulin is secreted by the ____ cells of the islets of Langerhans in the _______
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beta; pancreas
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Glucagon is secreted by the _____ cells of the islets of Langerhans
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alpha
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Glucagon helps release energy when needed by converting _____ to _____
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glycogen to glucose
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Somatastatin is a hormone produced by the ____ cells of the islets of Langerhans & the _____
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delta; hypothalamus
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All actions of this hormone are inhibitory. It inhibits the release of insulin and glucagons.
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Somatostatin
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Symptoms of diabetes are excessive ____ & ____
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thirst & urination
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Some other symptoms include _____, _____ & _____
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weight loss, weakness & fatigue
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Because a diabetic can't use carbs for energy, excessive amounts of _____ are broken down.
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fats
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broken down fats = the liver produces _____ from fatty acids.
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ketones
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Escessive amounts of sugar in the blood
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hyperglycemia
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essential for the proper metabolism of glucose
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insulin
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insulin is secreted by the ___ of _________ in the pancreas
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islet of Langerhans
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secretes enzymes essential for digestion & insulin
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pancreas
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the kidney's capacity
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renal threshold
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excess sugar in the urine
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glycosuria
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excessive urination
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polyuria
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abnormal thirst
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polydipsia
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excessive hunger
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polyphagia
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substances to wich fatty acids are broken down in the liver
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ketones
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DKA =
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diabetic Ketoacidosis
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ketones collected in the blood
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ketonemia
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ketone bodies in the urine
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ketonuria
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condition in which excess acids accumulate or there is a loss of base in the body
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acidosis
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unconsciousness caused by a state of acidosis due to too much sugar or too little insulin
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diabetic coma
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damage to small blood vessels in the eyes
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retinopathy
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nerve damage
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neuropathy
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suddenly occurring between age 1 - 40; pt. secrete little, if any, insulin / require insulin injections and carefully controlled diet
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Type 1 diabetes
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gradual onset occurring usually after age 40, production of insulin gradually diminishes; usually controlled by diet & exercise
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Type 2 diabetes
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increased lipid in the blood
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dyslipidemia
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a blood test to determine how well blood glucose has been controlled for the last ___ months is ______
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3 mos.; HgbA1c test
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Gestational diabetes can occur between the ____ & the ____ week of pregnancy
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16th & 28th
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Gestational diabetes disappears after the _____ ___ _____
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baby is born.
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After gestational diabetes, it can reappear ____ to ____ _____ after pregnancy.
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5 to 10 years
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FBS stands for ______ ______ _____
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Fasting blood sugar
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normal blood glucose levels (FBS) range from _____ to _____ mg/dl.
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(book says) 70 to 110
(I've always heard 80 to 120) |
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It is recommended that carbs provide ____% to ____% of the calories
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50 - 60%
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Approx. ____% to ____% of carbs should be from complex carbs which is ______
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40 - 50%; starches
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the remaining ____% to ____% carbs should be from simple sugar such as ______
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10 - 20%; from fruits, sugar
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____ should be limited to 30
% of total calories |
Fats
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____ should provide from 15% to 20% of total calories.
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Proteins
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The starch & bread category, milk and fruits have all been put under the heading of ____
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Carbohydrates
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Subnormal levels of blood sugar is called ____
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hypoglycemia
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Lists of foods with interchangeable nutrient & calorie contents; used in specific forms of diet therapy
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exchange lists
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High-____ intake seems to reduce the amount of insulin needed because
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fiber; it lowers blood glucose
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Splenda is made from ______
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sucralose
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____ is a sweetener made from a molecule of sugar
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sucralose
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Aspartame is sold as:
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NutraSweet, Equal, Equal-Measure, Spoonful, Canderel and Benevia
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____ is an artificial sweetener made from amino acids
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aspartame
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Aspartame does _____ require insulin for metabolism
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not
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_____ has been shown to produce bladder cancer in rats when used in Lg. quantities
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Saccharin (Sweet'N Low, Sweet Twin).
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The _ _ _ has removed saccharine from its list of products that could cause cancer.
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FDA
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For Type 1 diabetes, exercise can _____ glucose control because is ____ glucose levels.
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complicate; lowers
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Exogenous insulin is produced ____ the body
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outside
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Endogenous insulin is produced _____ the body
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within
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The most common insulin given to pt.s made synthetically by a chemical process in a lab. is ____
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Human insulin
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Very rapid-, rapid-, intermediate-, & long-acting are the _________
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classifications of insulin
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intermediate-acting is the most common and works within ___ to ___ hours and lasts for ____ to ____ hours.
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2-8 hrs. start
24-28 hrs. lasts for |
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_____ ______ is hypoglycemia leading to insulin coma caused by too much insulin or too little food
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insulin reaction
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Conscious patients may be treated by giving them a _____ tablet, sugar cube or a sugary beverage followed by ____
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glucose; a complex carbohydrate
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Unconscious patients require _ _ treatment of dextrose and water.
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IV
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