Nutrition And Metabolism

Front 1

Name the brain region that monitors and regulates body temperature

Back 1

The Hypothalamus

Front 2

Most Dietary carbohydrates come from ______

Back 2

Plants

Front 3

Match each mineral with an example of its role in the body

Back 3

Magnesium: Cofactor for enzymes
Sodium: Action Potentials
Iron: Hemoglobin, myoglobin
Chloride: In stomach Acid
Calcium and Phosphorous: Bone Salts

Front 4

List examples of fats (lipids)

Back 4

Phospholipids. triglycerides, and cholesterol

Front 5

Define Nutrient

Back 5

Ingested compound used for growth, repair or maintenance

Front 6

By definition, one ____ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius

Back 6

calorie

Front 7

List the components of an ATP molecule

Back 7

Phosphate, ribose, and adenine

Front 8

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called

Back 8

metabolism

Front 9

Rank the events of cellular respiration in the correct order:

Back 9

Glycolysis
Transition reaction (formation of acetyl CoA)
Citric Acid (krebs) cycle
Electron transport chain

Front 10

Name the nutrient class that includes sugars, glycogen and cellulose

Back 10

Carbohydrates

Front 11

Elevation of the mineral, _____, Increases the risk of hypertension

Back 11

Sodium

Front 12

Because the class of nutrients called ____ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient

Back 12

carbohydrates

Front 13

True or false: the typical american consumes about four times the sodium RDA of 1500 mg/day

Back 13

True

Front 14

List Example of trace minerals

Back 14

Iodine, copper, and zinc

Front 15

State the specific term that describes homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range

Back 15

Thermoregulation

Front 16

an excessively high body temperature is called

Back 16

hyperthermia

Front 17

Describe when cells, such as muscle cells, undergo anaerobic fermentation

Back 17

no oxygen is available

Front 18

List factors involved in the process of protein synthesis

Back 18

Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, Ribosomes, deoxyribose nucleic acids

Front 19

Glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell

Back 19

cytoplasm

Front 20

True or False: Protein constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass

Back 20

True

Front 21

List lipoproteins found in the body

Back 21

chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins

Front 22

The ___ cycle is a cyclic series of reactions that result in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water and ATP

Back 22

Krebs

Front 23

Define beta oxidation

Back 23

Fatty acid catabolism producing acetyl groups

Front 24

The by-products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include:

Back 24

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

Front 25

for several hours during and after a meal, you are in the ___ state

Back 25

absorptive

Front 26

The temperature of organs in the cranial, throacic, and abdominal cavities is known as ___ temperature

Back 26

core

Front 27

Describe the source of most body heat

Back 27

exergonic chemical reactions

Front 28

match the type of heat loss with its mechanism

Back 28

Radiation: emission of infrared energy (rays); contact is not required for energy transfer
evaportation: heat dissopated as it breaks bonds between water molecules
conduction: heat transfered molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer

Front 29

the maximum amount of atp generated per glucose is ___ molecules

Back 29

38

Front 30

Describe when glycogenolysis would occur:

Back 30

after a meal, as blood glucose levels drop

Front 31

The term __ refers to the synthesis of fat

Back 31

lipogenesis

Front 32

list compounds for which cholesterol is a precursor

Back 32

bile acids, estrogen, vitamin d, testosterone

Front 33

___ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

Back 33

Transamination

Front 34

Nitrogen balance is a state in which the rate of ingestion of the nutrient ___ equals the rate of excretion

Back 34

nitrogen

Front 35

Define lipogenesis

Back 35

producing fats from other types of molecules

Front 36

State the general name for inflammation of the liver

Back 36

hepatitis

Front 37

Dietary proteins classified as ___ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids

Back 37

incomplete

Front 38

during the postabsorptive state, ____ acts to increase the blood levels of glucose and lipids

Back 38

glucagon

Front 39

Choose the number of net ATP yielded during each phase of aerobic respiration

Back 39

2 atp from citric acid cycle, 2 atp from glycolysis, 32 atp from the electron transport chain

Front 40

after the NH2 group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is called

Back 40

keto

Front 41

the process of ___ is the addition of an amino acid group to a molecule

Back 41

amination

Front 42

the peptides ___ and ____ inform the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activates mechanisms fro adding or reducing fat

Back 42

leptin and insulin

Front 43

the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids is called

Back 43

Gluconeogenesis

Front 44

animals with a deficiency in the appetite- controlling substance called ___ exhibit hyperphagia and extreme obesity

Back 44

leptin

Front 45

The painful muscle spasms that result from excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat after running a mile and not drinking water would be described as a

Back 45

heat cramp

Front 46

in the presence of ____ pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration

Back 46

oxygen

Front 47

list the three principle forms of carbohydrates

Back 47

polysaccharides, monosaccharides, disaccharides

Front 48

___ fatty acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must be obtained from the diet

Back 48

essential

Front 49

list some examples of proteins in the body

Back 49

keratin, hemoglobin and enzymes

Front 50

the removal of an amino group from an organic molecule is known as

Back 50

deamination

Front 51

Define nitrogen balance

Back 51

nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excretion

Front 52

list the three pathways by which glucose can be catabolized

Back 52

aerobic respiration, glycolysis, and anaerobic fermentation

Front 53

describe the effect of glucagon

Back 53

stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Front 54

the process called ____ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate group to an organic molecule

Back 54

Phosphorylation

Front 55

Define lipolysis

Back 55

breakdown of triglycerides

Front 56

list situation in which ketosis may occur

Back 56

with a low carb diet, untreated diabetes mellitus, during pregnancy, and during starvation

Front 57

____ rate refers to the amount of energy released per unit of time

Back 57

metabolic

Front 58

___ fats (containing fatty acids with double bonds within their carbon chains) predominate in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils

Back 58

unsaturated

Front 59

name the factors that regulate metabolism during the postabsorptive state

Back 59

sympathetic nervous system and glucagon

Front 60

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermination and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of ____

Back 60

glucose

Front 61

the synthesis of glycogen is called

Back 61

glycogenesis

Front 62

Based on their structure, glucose, galactose and fructose are from the group of carbohydrates called

Back 62

monosaccharides

Front 63

list factors that result in a higher metabolic rate

Back 63

pregnancy, catecholamines, anxiety or fear, thyroid hormone

Front 64

name the peptides that function in long term appetite regulation

Back 64

leptin, neuropeptide y, and insulin

Front 65

name the site of conversion of lactic acid back to pyruvate

Back 65

liver

Front 66

The lipoprotein called ____ is produced by the liver and transports lipids to the adipose tissue for storage

Back 66

VLDLs

Front 67

___ is a secretion of the arcuate nucleus which inhibits eating

Back 67

melanocortin

Front 68

an important brain center for appetite regulation is the arcuate nucleus of the _____

Back 68

hypothalamus

Front 69

List the vitamins that act as antioxidants

Back 69

Vitamin c, e,and a

Front 70

List the fat-soluble vitamins

Back 70

a,d, e, and k

Front 71

a high blood level of ____ is beneficial because it functions in removal of cholesterol from the arteries, transporting it to the liver for disposal

Back 71

high denisity of lipoproteins

Front 72

List some essential fatty acids

Back 72

linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and linolenic acid

Front 73

List examples of foods that contain water soluble fiber

Back 73

fruit, pectin, and brown rice

Front 74

low carb diets and untreated diabetes mellitus are two causes of ketone body accumilation, a condition called

Back 74

ketosis