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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The majority of the food we eat is used to;
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Synthesize ATP
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T/F: The body can break down and remake any nutrient molecule as required
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False
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A consumable substance that promotes normal growth, maintenance and repair
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Nutrient
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What are the three major nutrients?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids 3. Proteins |
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Other nutrients that aren't main are?
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Vitamins, Minerals and water
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Amino acids are converted to:
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Glucose
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Digestion of protein molecules by the GI tract is a form of ___________ whereas building new protein molecules in the liver is a form of ___________
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Catabolism, Anabolism
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Organic compounds needed for growth and good health
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Vitamins
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-Help the body use nutrients
-Function as co-enzymes or co-factors -Serve as antioxidants |
Vitamins
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A main antioxidant:
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Vitamin E
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What are the three only vitamins that are made in the body (All others must be ingested)
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D,K and B
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What are the 2 water soluble vitamins?
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B-complex and C
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The two water soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are absorbed in the:
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GI tract
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Fat-soluble vitamins
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ADEK
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The seven inorganic elements required in moderate amounts
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1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus 3. Potassium 4. Sulfur 5. Sodium 6. Chloride 7. Magnesium |
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What elements harden bones?
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Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts
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What elements help maintain normal osmolarity and are essential in nerve and muscle function
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1. Sodium
2. Chloride |
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This reaction breaks down larger molecules into smaller
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Catabolic
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This reaction puts smaller molecules back together to larger ones
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Anabolic
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All chemical reactions necessary to maintain life
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Metabolism
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Food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP
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Cellular respiration
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Fats AKA
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Tryglycerides
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Formation of glycogen when glucose supplies exceed cellular need for ATP synthesis (Anabolism)
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Glycogenesis
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Breakdown of glycogen in response to low blood glucose (Catabolism)
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Glycogenolysis
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The process of forming sugars from noncarbohydrate molecules
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Glucoconeogenesis
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Gluconeogenesis mainly takes place in the:
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Liver
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This protects the body, especially the brain, from damaging effects of hypoglycemia by ensuring ATP synthesis can continue
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Glucoconeogenesis
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A consequence of inadequate insulin or abnormal insulin receptors
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Diabetes Mellitus
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The structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones and vitamin D
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Cholesterol
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How is cholesterol transported?
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By lipoproteins
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What are the 3 classifications of cholesterol
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1. HDL
2. LDL 3. VLDLs |
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High-density lipoproteins that have more protein content
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HDLs
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Low density, have a considerable cholesterol component
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LDL's
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Have a very low density, mostly triglycerides
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VLDLs
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Main source of VLDL's
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Liver
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Transport Triglycerides to peripheral tissues (especially adipose)
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VLDL's
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Transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues and regulate cholesterol synthesis
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LDLs
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Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver
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HDLs
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HDL's are thought to protect against:
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Heart attacks
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LDL's increase the risk of;
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A heart attack
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The liver produces:
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Cholesterol
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Increase excretion and decrease synthesis
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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Decrease excretion and increase synthesis
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Saturated fatty acids
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Raise LDLs and lower HDL's (Bad for you)
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Trans fatty acids
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Stress, cigarette smoking and coffee increase:
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LDL levels
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Aerobic exercise:
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Decreases HDL
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T/F: Body shape is correlated with cholesterol levels
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True
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Fat carried on the upper body is correlated with:
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High cholesterol levels
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Fat carried on the hips and thighs is correlated with:
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Low cholesterol levels
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Glucagon is considered a _____________ hormone because it promotes release of glucose from storage during the ____________ state of metabolism.
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Glucagon is considered a HYPERGLYCEMIC hormone because it promotes release of glucose from storage during the POST-ABSORPTIVE state of metabolism.
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Insulin is considered a ____________ hormone because it promotes storage of glucose during the __________ state of metabolism.
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Insulin is considered a HYPOGLYCEMIC hormone because it promotes the storage of glucose during the ABSORPTIVE state of metabolism.
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The process of forming sugar from noncarbohydrate molecules
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Glucoconeogenesis
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Lipids Yield __________ which yields ________
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Lipids-> Fatty Acids-> Glycerol
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What are the most important class of proteins?
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Enzymes (Amylase, tripson, lipase)
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The _______ state is a ___________ process that happens soon after eating
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Absorptive, Anabolic
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Insulin is stimulated by ____________ but causes _____________
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Insulin is stimulated by hyperglycemia but causes hypoglycemia.
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What are the two things insulin does to help the body?
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1. Cells are better able to take up glucose
2. Increase uptake of amino acids |
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A consequence of inadequate insulin production or abnormal insulin receptors
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Insulin dependent diabetes
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Type 1
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Diabetes that is caused from abnormal insulin receptors, non insulin dependent
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Type 2
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Metabolic Acidosis is caused by
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Ketones
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What are the 3 things that cause fats and tissue protein that are used for energy
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1. Metabolic Acidosis
2. Protein wasting 3. Weight loss |
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The ___________ state is a ________ process that happens when fasting between meals
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The Post-absorptive state is a catabolic process that happens when fasting between meals
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The structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones and vitamin D
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Cholesterol
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How is cholesterol transported
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From tissues via LIPOPROTEINS
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Three classifications of lipoproteins
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1. HDL
2. LDL 3. VLDL |
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The "Good" cholesterol
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HDL
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The two "Bad" cholesterol
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VLDL and LDL
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Fat that is hard at room temperature
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Animal, and saturated veg. fat
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Plant oil is
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Unsaturated
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Contains no double bonds. Has all carbons that have a lot of hydrogens attached
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Saturated fatty acids
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Trans fat is _____ than fat
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WORST
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For a marathon runner, what benefits is there to eating a diet of 75% carbs and reducing the workout for 3-4 days before the competition?
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The muscle cells will store more glycogen
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The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called
glucose sparing. |
True
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Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.
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False
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The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so
that the body can maintain life and good health. |
False
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The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.
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True
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The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in
lipids equals the amount excreted in urine. |
False
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Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.
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False
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Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.
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False
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Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.
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False
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The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.
A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) cellulose |
B. Glucose
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Dietary fats are important because they ________.
A) keep blood pressure normal B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins C) contribute significantly to the health of the skin D) help prevent the common cold |
B. Help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins
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Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.
A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered |
A. Is a stabilizing component of plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
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The term metabolism is best defined as ________.
A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy |
D. Biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
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Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain |
A. glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
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Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.
A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed |
B. Larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
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Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.
A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels |
C. Breaks down complex structures into smaller ones
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The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.
A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP |
D. Break down food molecules and generate ATP
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Lipogenesis occurs when ________.
A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high |
D. Cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
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Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.
A) liver B) muscles C) kidneys D) blood |
A. Liver
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Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.
A) postabsorptive state B) absorptive state C) starvation period D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest |
B. Absorptive State
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Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.
A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors C) glycogen is formed D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water |
B. Glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
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Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.
A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) formation of sugar |
B. Conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
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What is the outcome of ketosis?
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B. Metabolic Acidosis
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Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?
A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) No metabolism occurs. D) Only glucose metabolism occurs. |
A. Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones
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Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?
A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine D) insulin |
D. Insulin
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Which of the following is the most important function of the liver?
A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D D) protein metabolism |
D. Protein Metabolism
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As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________
continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) liver B) brain C) pancreas D) spleen |
b. Brain
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In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.
A) glycerol B) glycogen C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon |
A. Glycerol
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When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.
A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) lactic acid |
B. Fatty acids
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Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when
metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins |
A. Fats
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Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?
A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) Krebs cycle D) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid |
B. Glycolysis
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Select the correct statement about proteins.
A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis. |
C. Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested
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Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state?
A) glycogenolysis in the liver B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract D) catabolism of cellular protein |
C. Absorption of glucose from the GI tract
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Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins?
A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish |
D. Eggs, milk, yogurt, meat and fish
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Glucose can be obtained from ________.
A) glycogenolysis B) triglyceride anabolism C) protein anabolism D) lipogenesis |
A. Glycogenolysis
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Which of the following is not a function of LDLs?
A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis D) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells |
A. Transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
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Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?
A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream. |
A. Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis
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