Nutrition

Front 1

Vitamin A

Back 1

retinol, retinal & retinoic acid

Front 2

B-carotene

Back 2

2 retinal molecules linked

Front 3

retinal to retinol

Back 3

retinaldehyde reductase

Front 4

Vitamin A functions

Back 4

embryogenesis, photoreception, mucous production and normal growth regulation

Front 5

Vitamin A sources

Back 5

as retinol in liver, whole milk & whole eggs (preformed vit A)

as carotenoids in carrots, canteloupes, sweet potatoes & spinach (b-carotene, a-carotene & b-cryptoxanthin)

Front 6

caretenoids without vit A activity

Back 6

lycopene, lutein & zeaxanthin (90 %)

Front 7

Vit A defficiency

Back 7

night blindness, anemia, hyperkeratinosis, xerophthalmia

Front 8

Excess Vit A

Back 8

bone pain, hepatosplenomegaly, hyperkeratosis (dry, bumpy skin), naueau & diarrhea

Front 9

Stored Vitamins

Back 9

liver: vit A, B12 (6 years),

Front 10

Vit D

Back 10

1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 or calcitriol

Front 11

25-OH D3 to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3

Back 11

D3-25-hydroxylase in the in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, bone, intestine & cartilage

Front 12

Vit D function

Back 12

calcium and phosphorus regulation

Front 13

Sources of Vit D

Back 13

fish oils, butter, cream egg yolk, liver

Front 14

Vit D defficiency

Back 14

rickets & osteomalacia

Front 15

excessive Vit D

Back 15

headache, nausea, bone fragility, retarded growth & calcifiaction of soft tissues

Front 16

Vitamin E most potent form

Back 16

a-tocopherols

Front 17

Vit E deficiency

Back 17

RBC fragility & neurologic disorders

Front 18

Vit E excess (>1000mg)

Back 18

decreased Vit A stores, impaired bone mineralization & prolonged blood coagulation

Front 19

Vit K

Back 19

K1 phylloquinone
K2 menaquinone
K3 menadione

Front 20

Thiamin to thiamin pyrophosphate

Back 20

thiamin diphosphotransferase

Front 21

Vit B1 function

Back 21

cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase & transketolase of the pentose phosphate pathway
-->> energy

Front 22

Vit B1 defficiency

Back 22

beriberi & wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

Front 23

Vit B2

Back 23

precursor for coenzymes

Front 24

sources of Vit B2

Back 24

green, leafy vegetables; meats and dairy

Front 25

niacin function

Back 25

required for the synthesis of the active forms of vitamin B3 which functions include lactate dehydorogenase and malate dehydorogenase

Front 26

Niacnin synthesis

Back 26

60 mg tryptophan and vit B1, B2 and B6

Front 27

sources of niacin

Back 27

lean meat, fish, poultry & peanuts

Front 28

niacin defficiency

Back 28

glossitis, dermatitis, weight loss, diarrhea, depression and dementia & pellagra

Front 29

pantothenic acid

Back 29

required for synthesis of coenzyme A and ACP used in the TCA cycle

Front 30

Vit B6

Back 30

pyridoxal, pyridoxamine & pyridoxine

Front 31

active Vit B6

Back 31

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) with zinc

Front 32

Vit B6 fucntion

Back 32

AA synthesis/catabolism, glycogenolysis & GABA synthesis

Front 33

Vit B6 excess

Back 33

seizure risk

Front 34

Folic acid

Back 34

converted to tetrahydofolate by dihydrofolate reductase

Front 35

folic acid functions

Back 35

one carbon transfers: methyl, methylene, methenyl,formyl or formimino groups.

serine, methionine, glycine,choline, purines & dTMP

With B12 THF converts homocysteine to methionine

Front 36

folic acid deficiency

Back 36

macrocytic anemia

Front 37

folate absorption impaired

Back 37

anticonvulsants and oral contraceptives

Front 38

Vit B12 function

Back 38

cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionin synthase (regenerates THF)

Front 39

Vit B12 deficiency

Back 39

pernicious anemia, folate trapping, neurologic demyelinatino, elevated homocysteine & defective collagen

Front 40

Vit C function

Back 40

ascorbic acid acts as reducing agent, collagen in bone, catablolism of tyrosine, epinephrine synthesis, synthesis of bile acids & interferon, mucous membrane integrity, and inflammatory reactions

Front 41

Vit C deficiency

Back 41

scurvy (bruised skin, muscle fatigue, swollen gums, poor wound healing, osteoporosis, anemia, and hemorrhaging.