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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pentose Phosphate Pathway |
generate NADPH - used for synthesis of fatty acids and steroids -generate ribose for synthesis of nucleic acids |
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1-hydroxylase |
-KEY ENZYME -converting D3 to calcitriol in kidney |
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Calcitriol |
-increase osteoclast activity (Ca & P) -GIT Ca and P absorption |
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Collagen |
-most abundant/largest protein in body |
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What AA is serotonin synthesized from? |
-tryptophan |
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Hyper/hypo parathyroidism |
-bone demineralization vs possible higher bone stores |
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Purines and pyridimines |
- heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds 'bases' -allow synthesis of nucleotides/sides, ATP, NAD, FAD |
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PTH |
-parathyroid hormone peptide hormone released when blood Ca is low -affects kidneys -stimulates conversion of D3 to calcitriol , Na reabsorption, decreases P reabsorption and bones stores -calcitriol increases osteoclast activity |
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Carotenoids |
-pro vitamin A activity -Alpha carotene -Beta carotene -Beta cryptoxanthin -converted to RETINAL |
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Calbindin |
Calcium binding protein -transports ca for absorption in SI |
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Folate Increasing Cancer risk: Core Issues |
-timing of exposure -level of exposure -folate vs folic acid |
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Carnitine |
-needed to transport FAs into mitochondria -made from lysine&Met |
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Matrix GLA Protein (MGP) |
-vitamin K dependent protein -5 GLA residues -bone, cartilage, soft tiissue, BVs |
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Phytic acid |
- binds P- makes it unavailable |
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Holocarboxylases |
- biotin dependent enzymes (with biotin attached) |
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Bone GLA Protein (BGP) AKA Osteocalcin |
-vitamin K dependent protein -3 GLA residues -bind Ca for mineralization -produced by osteoblasts |
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Hcy -homocysteine |
-factor for heart disease intermediate of Met metabolism 3 fates: -remethylation to Met -transsulfuration to Cysteine -release into circulation |
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Oxalate |
-binds Ca |
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GLA -gamma-carboxyglutamic acid |
vit K converts from glutamic acid -sole purpose to interact with Ca -Blood clotting/Bone Proteins |
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CoA or CoASH |
-coenzyme A synthesized from: -B5 -Cysteine -ATP |
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Calcitonin |
-hypocalcemic effect -peptide hormone from thyroid gland opposite of PTH -deposits Ca and P from blood to bone Kidney -inhibits 1-hydroxlyase, decrease reabsorption Bone - inhibits osteoclast activity |
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Clotting Cascade |
-numerous proteins (7 need K for Ca binding -GLA sites-), all need Ca for activation Cascades converts prothrombin to thrombin & fibrinogen to fibrin -cross linking clot |
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IF -Intrinsic Factor |
-glycoprotein -key to B12 absorption -produced by parietal cells |
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Calmodulin |
-intracellular protein/Ca receptor -in all cells -binds Ca and allows signal transduction -part of secondary message system as peptide hormones bind to cell membranes |
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Vitamin K Dependent Coagulation Proteins |
-synthesized in liver -have multiple GLA residues for Ca binding -forms bridge at injury site -fibrin formation |
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Types of Bones |
Cortical - 80% -Ca loss slow Trabecular - innner structural matrix -Ca loss is fast |
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Osteoporosis |
-problem with AMOUNT of bone -reduced bone density |
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Type I Osteoporosis |
- old age -rapid loss due to estrogen/testosterone loss -trabecular bone |
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Type II Osteoporosis |
-slower bones loss -affects both types of bones, due to aging |
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Rickets |
-vit D deficiency in children -growth defects with bone formation -muscle weakness -tetany |
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Osteomalacia |
-rare -adult form of rickets -composition/mineralization** is compromised |
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Antioxidants |
Vit E, C,B2, B3 Selenium Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe Betacarotene* |
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Free Radicals |
molecules with one or more unpaired e- steal e- from other molecules 3 types -ROS, RNS, R Produced naturally implicated in heart disease, diabetes, cancer, aging |
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Types of Free Radicals |
3 ROS -reactive O species RNS -reactive N species R -other |
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ROS Species |
Superoxide Radical Hydroxy Radical Fatty Acid Peroxide Radical Nitric Oxide |
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Unstable Molecules |
- H2O2, O3 |
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ROS Generation -2 types |
Useful production -defense mechanisms Accidental Production -ETC, molecules reacting with O2 |
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Lipid Peroxidation |
generation of free radical in presence of O2 chain reaction any FA can be FA radical |
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Oxidative Stress |
imbalance between ROS and antioxidants can cause cell damage -mutations, breakdown -disease |
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Free radical production /cycle |
RH-> R* + H R* + O2 -> ROO* ROO* + RH -> ROOH + R* ...and continues |
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ROOH |
fatty acid hydroperoxide -can build up -causes oxidative stress -disruption of cell membranes, cell damage *-can react with iron -makes hydroxy radical |
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Hydroxy Radical |
OH* worst free radical - no pos. role reacts with anything |
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Superoxide |
O2* |
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Heiber weiss reaction |
Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide reacting O2* + H2O2 -> OH* + OH- + O2 creates hydroxy radical |
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Antioxidants |
vitamins and minerals enzymes that need vitamins and minerals |
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Vitamin E as an Antioxidant |
Chain breaking -disrupts chain reaction Found in cell membrane OH group -reacts with oxygen Ring structure -keeps from turning into a free radical Vitamin E + ROO* -> ROOH +radicalized vit E |
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Vitamin C as an Antioxidant |
Regenerates Vit E - donates an H regenerates to vitamin C |
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Glutathione Peroxidase |
needs selenium covert ROOH to harmless compound |
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Glutathione Reductase |
Needs B2 and B3 (NAD) convert ROOH to harmless compound |
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Superoxide Dismutase |
deals with O2* (superoxide) needs Zn and Cu and Mn forms H2O2 2O2* + 2H+ _> H2O2 + O2 |
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Iron is antioxidant reactions |
Bad - reacts with ROOH to made hydroxy (OH*) in haber-weiss rxn Good Helps catalase metabolize H2O2 |
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Catalase |
metabolizes H2O2 with Fe |
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Beta carotene as an Antioxidant |
Dependent on partial pressure of O2 LOW-antioxidant HIGH-acts as pro oxidant quenches singlet oxygen - potential free radical generator |
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CVD and antioxidants |
oxidative damage to LDL enhances development of athersclerosis vitamin E inhibits B-carotene may increase uptake of bad LDL |
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How do we classify obesity |
BMI >/ 30Kg/m^2 |
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Criteria for bariatric surgery |
18 or older out of options -failure of other nonsurgical methods BMI => than 40 Absence of -mental illness -eating disorders substance abuse |
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Bariatric surgery results |
reduces gastric capacity by 95% compromises digestion/absorption resolves comorbidities |
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co morbidities |
problems from obesity diabetes hyper tension |
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Types of Bariatric Surgery |
Restrictive Malabsorptive Combined* most common |
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Most common gastric bypass |
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGP) stomach and duodenum are basically excluded |
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Micronutrient issues with bariatric surgery |
Due to decreased intake/absorption Due to poor compliance Iron B12-respond well to high dose supplements Folate -easiest to prevent Thiamin Vitamin D Ca |
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RNI |
recommended nutrient intake Canada |
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RDA |
recommended daily allowance |
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The Players in DRI |
a standing committee and two subcommitees -upper reference leves -interpretation and uses of DRIs |
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Dietary Reference Intakes |
Four reference values EAR, RDA, AI, UL used for planning and assessing for groups and individuals -for healthy people /specific groups Influence -public policy, programs, education |
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EAR |
Estimate average requirement -the estimate to meet HALF of the requirement Used for: Planning for Groups Assessing for Groups and individuals (3/4 possible situations) |
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RDA |
recommended daily allowance -estimated to meet 98% of requirement EAR plus 2 SDs used for planning for individuals meant as average over time |
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AI |
adequate intake -made based on observations/approximations used when EAR and RDA cannot be determined Used for planning for individuals Assessment for Groups and individuals |
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UL |
Tolerable Upper Intake Level Highest level that will pose no threat bases on intake from foods, supplements, fortified foods used in planning and assessment |
