Nursing Research Quiz 2

Front 1

Literature Review

Back 1

An extensive, systematic and critical appraisal of the most important published scholarly literature on a topic, which is a key step in the research process that provides the basis of a research study. In most cases, the literature review is not considered exhaustive

Front 2

Concept

Back 2

An image or a symbolic representation of an abstract idea

Front 3

Theory

Back 3

A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that convey a systematic view of phenomena for the purpose of explaining and making predictions about those phenomena.

Front 4

Conceptual definition

Back 4

The general meaning of a concept

Front 5

Operational definition

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Is a description of the method used to measure the concept and and what instruments are used to capture the essence of the variable

Front 6

Primary sources

Back 6

Scholarly literature that is written by a person or persons who develop the theory or conducted the research; articles and books by the original author or authors. Primary sources include eyewitness accounts of historical events provided by original documents, films, letters, diaries, records, artefacts, periodicals and tapes

Front 7

Secondary sources

Back 7

Scholarly material written by a person or persons other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research. They are usually published. Often a secondary source represents a response to or a summary and critique of a theorist's or researcher's work. Examples are documents, films, letters, diaries, records, artifacts, periodicals and tapes that provide a view of the phenomenon from another's perspective

Front 8

PICOT

Back 8

P: Problem / patient populations; specifically, defined group

I: Intervention; what intervention or event will be studied

C: Comparison of intervention; with what the intervention will be compared

O: Outcome; the effect of the intervention

T: Time, the time frame

Front 9

Print indexes

Back 9

Paper based listings of published material, generally used to find journal sources (periodicals) of data-based and conceptual articles on a variety of topics, as well as publications of professional organizations and various government agencies. Most information is now entered onto electronic databases. Listings of published material usually done manually

Front 10

Referred (peer-reviewed) journal

Back 10

A scholarly journal that has a panel of internal and external reviewers or editors; they review submitted manuscripts for possible publication. The review panel uses the same set of scholarly criteria to judge whether the manuscripts are worthy of publication

Front 11

Controlled vocabulary

Back 11

Carefully selected list of words and phrases that are applied to similar pieces of information units (e.g. life skills)

Front 12

Boolean Operator

Back 12

In a literature research, the word that defines the relationships between words or groups of words e.x. AND, OR, NOT, or NEAR

Front 13

Respect for persons

Back 13

The idea that people have the right to self-determination and to being treated as autonomous agents; that is they have the freedom to participate or not participate in research

Front 14

Beneficence

Back 14

Obligation to do no harm and maximize possible benefits

Front 15

Justice

Back 15

The principle that human subjects should be treated fairly

Front 16

Ethics

Back 16

Is the theory or discipline dealing with principles of moral values and moral conduct

Front 17

Informed consent

Back 17

Is the legal/ethical principle that requires a researcher to inform individuals about the potential benefits and risks of a study before the individuals can participate voluntarily

Front 18

Consent

Back 18

Agreement to participate in a study

Front 19

Process consent

Back 19

A request for the respondent's continued participation in a study voluntarily, can be verbal

Front 20

Anonymity

Back 20

A research participant's protection in a study so that no one, not even the researcher, can link the subject with information given

Front 21

Confidentiality

Back 21

Assurance that the research participants identity cannot be linked to the information that was provided to the researcher

Front 22

Research ethics boards (REBs)

Back 22

A board established in agencies to review biomedical and behavioural research involving human participants within the agency or in programs sponsored by the agency to assess whether ethical standards are met in relation to the protection of the rights of human participants

Front 23

Assent

Back 23

An aspect of informed consent that pertains to protecting the rights of children as research participants

Front 24

Risk benefit ratio

Back 24

The extent to which the benefits of the study are maximized and the risks are minimized, so that participants are protected from harm during the study

Front 25

Qualitative research

Back 25

Is a systematic, interactive and subjective research method used to describe and give meaning to human experiences. It is often conducted in natural settings and uses data that are words or text, as opposed to numerical data, to describe the experiences being studied

Front 26

Naturalistic setting

Back 26

A general label for qualitative studies that involve the researcher going to a natural setting where the phenomenon being studied is taking place. It is one that people live in every day.

Front 27

Context dependent

Back 27

Condition in which the meaning of an observation is defined by its circumstance or the environment

Front 28

Purposive sample

Back 28

A group consisting of particular people who can elucidate the phenomenon they want to study

Front 29

Inclusion criteria

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Criteria that people must satisfy to participate in a study

Front 30

Exclusion criteria

Back 30

Criteria used to exclude people from participating in a study

Front 31

Data saturation

Back 31

The point in a qualitative study when the information being shared with the researcher from participants becomes repetitive; in other words, the ideas shared by the participants have been shared by previous participants and no new ideas emerge. The inclusion of additional participants does not result in new ideas.

Front 32

Focus group

Back 32

An individual or group of people the researcher monitors

Front 33

"Grand tour" question

Back 33

A question in a qualitative study that reflects a broad overview of the issue to be studied

Front 34

Reflexivity

Back 34

In qualitative research, researchers constantly challenge themselves to understand how their own perspectives may be shaping the method, interviews, analysis, and interpretations

Front 35

Bracketing

Back 35

Process in which personal biases about the phenomenon of interest are identified in order to clarify how personal experience and beliefs may influence what is heard and reported. The term comes from the mathematical metaphor of putting "brackets" around our beliefs so that they can be put aside

Front 36

Triangulation

Back 36

Can be defined as the expansion of research strategies in a single study or multiple studies to enhance diversity, enrich understanding, and accomplish specific goals

Front 37

Inductive

Back 37

Generalizing from the specific data

Front 38

Deductive

Back 38

Concluded from data

Front 39

Metasynthesis

Back 39

A technique for drawing inferences or synthesis findings from similar or related studies; a type of systematic review applied to qualitative research. It involves integrating qualitative research findings on a topic and is based on comparative analysis and interpretive synthesis of qualitative research findings, whereby the researcher seeks to retain the essence and unique contribution of each study

Front 40

Phenomenology

Back 40

Qualitative research approach that aims to describe particular phenomena, or the appearance of things, as lived experience, before it is conceptualized

Front 41

Hermeneutics

Back 41

A theoretical framework in which to understand or interpret human phenomena from the study of those phenomena

Front 42

Phenomenological method

Back 42

Is a process of learning and constructing the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience

Front 43

Intersubjectivity

Back 43

A person's belief that other people share a common world with him or her; an important tenet in phenomenology

Front 44

Lived experience

Back 44

In phenomenological research, the focus on the undergoing of events and circumstances (prelingual), as opposed to thinking about these events and circumstances (conceptualized experience)

Front 45

Narrative inquiry

Back 45

A field of hermeneutics that focuses on the lived experience and perceptions of experience, in which materials such as in-depth interview transcripts, memoirs, stories, and creative nonfiction are used as sources of data. Used as a form of qualitative research, stories of people are collected and examined as the primary source of data.

Front 46

Orientational qualitative inquiry

Back 46

A qualitative approach in which researchers begin with an ideology or orientation (e.g. feminism, Marxism, critical theory) to direct the investigation, including the research question, methodology, fieldwork, and analysis or the findings

Front 47

Grounded theory method

Back 47

An inductive approach in which a systematic set of procedures is used to explore the social process that guide human interaction and to inductively develop a theory on the basis of those observations

Front 48

Proposition

Back 48

A linkage of concepts to create a foundation for the development of methods that test relationship/that guides further data collection

Front 49

Theoretical sampling

Back 49

In the grounded theory method, a sampling method used to select experiences that helps the researchers test ideas and gather complete information about developing concepts

Front 50

Snowball effect sampling

Back 50

A strategy used for finding samples that are difficult to locate. This strategy entails the use of social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common; participants who meet the eligibility criteria are asked for assistance in getting in touch with others who meet the same criteria

Front 51

Key information

Back 51

Individuals who have special knowledge, status, or communication skills and who are willing to teach the researcher (ethnographer) about the phenomena

Front 52

Constant comparative method

Back 52

In the grounded theory method, data are compared with other data continuously as they are acquired during research

Front 53

Ethnographic method

Back 53

A method of scientifically describing cultural groups. The goal of the ethnographer is to understand the natives' view of their world.

Front 54

Ethnography

Back 54

A qualitative research approach designed to produce cultural theory. (ethnographic research) is the study of cognitive models or patterns of behaviour of people within a culture.

Front 55

Behavioural/materialist perspective

Back 55

In ethnographical studies, culture is observed through a group's patterns of behaviour and customs, its way of life, and what it produces

Front 56

Cognitive perspective

Back 56

In ethnographical studies, is the view that culture consists of the beliefs, knowledge, and ideas people use as they live

Front 57

Culture

Back 57

The system of knowledge and linguistic expressions used by social groups that allows the researcher to interpret or make sense of the world; the structures of meaning through which people shape experiences

Front 58

Context

Back 58

The personal, social, and political environment in which a phenomenon of interest (time, place, cultural beliefs, values and practices) occur - is important for an understanding of culture

Front 59

Culture

Back 59

The system of knowledge and linguistic expressions used by social groups that allows the researcher to interpret or make sense of the world; the structures of meaning through which people shape experiences

Front 60

Context

Back 60

The personal, social, and political environment in which a phenomenon of interest (time, place, cultural beliefs, values and practices) occurs - is important for an understanding of culture

Front 61

Emic perspective

Back 61

The native's or insider's view of the world

Front 62

Etic perspective

Back 62

The outsider's view of another's world (researcher)

Front 63

Domains

Back 63

In an ethnographic study, symbolic categories that include smaller categories

Front 64

Case study method

Back 64

The study of selected contemporary phenomenon over time to provide an in-depth description of the essential dimensions and processes of the phenomenon. It is about studying the peculiarities and the commonalities of a specific case over time to provide an in-depth description of the essential dimensions and processes of the phenomenon

Front 65

Intrinsic case study

Back 65

Research that is undertaken to have a better understanding of the essential nature of the case

Front 66

Instrumental case study

Back 66

Research that is performed when the researcher is pursuing insight into an issue or want to challenge some generalization

Front 67

Historical research method

Back 67

Systematic approach for understanding the past through collection, organization, and critical appraisal of facts

Front 68

External criticism

Back 68

The authenticity of the historical data source is judged

Front 69

Internal criticism

Back 69

Is the process of judging the reliability or consistency of information within a historical document

Front 70

Participation action research (PAR)

Back 70

A form of orientation research that seeks to change society; the researcher studies a particular setting to identify problem areas to improve practice, identify possible solutions, and take action to implement changes

Front 71

Community-based participatory research (CBPR)

Back 71

Is a method by which the voice of a community is systematically accessed in order to plan context-appropriate action

Front 72

Control

Back 72

The measures that the researcher uses to hold the conditions of the study uniform or constant and avoid possible impingement of bias (distortion of the results) on the dependent variable or outcome

Front 73

Objectivity

Back 73

The use of facts without distortion by personal feelings or bias

Front 74

Accuracy

Back 74

Means that all aspects of a study systematically and logically follow from the research problem

Front 75

Pilot study

Back 75

A small, simple study conducted as prelude to a larger study (which is often called the parent study)

Front 76

Feasability

Back 76

Capability of a study to be successfully carried out

Front 77

Extraneous variable

Back 77

(also called a mediating variable) interferes with the operation of the phenomenon being studied (e.g. age and gender)

Front 78

Homogeneity

Back 78

Similarity with regards to the extraneous variables relevant to the particular study. Also, called internal consistency

Front 79

Constancy

Back 79

An aspect of control in data collection that ensures that methods and procedures of data collection are the same for all participants; that is each participant is exposed to the same environmental conditions, timing of data collection, data collection instruments, and data collection procedures. The ability of the data collection design to hold the conditions of the study to a cook-book like recipe.

Front 80

Experimental group

Back 80

The group in an experimental investigation that receives the experimental intervention or treatment

Front 81

Control group

Back 81

The group in the experimental investigation that does not receive the experimental intervention or treatment; the comparison group

Front 82

Randomization

Back 82

Is a sampling selection procedure in which each participant in a population has an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental group or the control group

Front 83

Internal validity

Back 83

The degree to which the experimental treatment, not an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the observed effects

Front 84

Attrition

Back 84

The loss of a subject from a study between time 1 data collection and time 2 data collection. Also called "mortality"

Front 85

History threat

Back 85

Threat to internal validity that can occur when a specific event may affect the dependent variable either inside or outside the experimental setting

Front 86

Maturation

Back 86

The development, biological, or psychological processes that operate within an individual as a function of time; these processes are external to the events of the investigation

Front 87

Testing effect

Back 87

The effect on the participant's post test score as the result of having taken a pretest

Front 88

Instrumentation threats

Back 88

Changes in the variable or observational techniques that may account for changes in the obtained measurement

Front 89

Mortality

Back 89

Or attrition is the loss of study participants from the first data-collection point (pretest) to the second data collection point (post test)

Front 90

Selection bias

Back 90

The threat to internal validity that arises when pretreatment differences exist between the experimental group and the control group - could result from the way the participants were chosen

Front 91

Reactivity

Back 91

The distortion created when those who are being observed change their behaviour because they know they are being observed. Also known as the Hawthorne effect. It is the participant's responses to being studied.

Front 92

Hawthorne effect

Back 92

Participants may behave in a certain way with the investigator not because of the study procedures, but merely as an independent response to being studied. It is named after Western Electric Corporation's Hawthorne plant, where a study of working conditions was conducted in the 1930's

Front 93

Measurement effects

Back 93

A change in the generalizability of the study findings to other populations resulting from administration of a pretest

Front 94

Independent variable

Back 94

The antecedent or variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable. The independent variable is manipulated in experimental research studies

Front 95

Dependent variable

Back 95

In experimental studies, the presumed effect of the independent or experimental variable on the outcome. Variation in the independent variable changes this effect.

Front 96

Experimental design

Back 96

A research design that has the following three properties: randomization, control, and manipulation

Front 97

Quasi-experimental design

Back 97

Research design in which random assignment is not used, but the independent variable is manipulated, and certain mechanisms of control are used

Front 98

Experiment

Back 98

Scientific investigation in which observations are made and data are collected by means of the characteristics of control, randomization, and manipulation

Front 99

True experiment

Back 99

Also known as a pretest-post-test control group design or classic experiment; is a study design in which participants are randomly assigned to an experimental group or control group, pretest measurement are performed, an intervention or treatment occurs in the experimental group, and post test measures are preformed. It has three identifying properties - randomization, control and manipulation

Front 100

Randomization

Back 100

A sampling selection procedure in which each person or element in a population has an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. This or random assignment to a group, is required for a study to be considered a true experimental design

Front 101

Control

Back 101

The measures used to hold uniform or constant the conditions in a research study. It is the introduction of one or more constants into the experimental situation

Front 102

Manipulation

Back 102

The provision of some experimental treatment, in varying, to some of the participants in the study. It is treatment administered to some participants in the study but not to others, or different amounts of it are administered to different groups

Front 103

Antecedent variable

Back 103

A variable that affects the dependent variable but occurs before the introduction of the independent variable. This can confound the results.

Front 104

Intervening variable

Back 104

Condition that occurs in an experimental or quasi-experimental study and is not part of the study; however, the intervening variable affects the dependent variable and can affect the study outcomes

Front 105

Attrition or mortality

Back 105

The influence over the outcome of an experiment of people dropping out or dying

Front 106

Testing effects

Back 106

The effects on the scores of a post test as the result of having taken a pretest

Front 107

Solomon four-group design

Back 107

An experimental design with four randomly assigned groups: the pretest-posttest intervention group, the pretest-posttest control group, a treatment or intervention group with only posttest measurement, and a control group with only posttest measurement. I.E. it consists of two groups that are identical to those used in the classic experimental design plus two additional groups - an experimental after-group and a control after-group

Front 108

After-only design

Back 108

An experimental design with two randomly assigned groups: a treatment group and a control group. This design differs from the true experiment in that both groups are measured only after the experimental treatment. Also known as posttest-only control group design. It is less frequently used experimental design. It is composed of two randomly assigned groups (R), but in contrast to the true experimental design, neither group is given a pretest or other measures

Front 109

Quasi-experiment

Back 109

Is a research design in which the researcher initiates an experimental treatment, but some characteristic of a true experiment is lacking

Front 110

Non-equivalent control group design

Back 110

A quasi-experimental design that is similar to the true experiment except that participants are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups

Front 111

After-only non-equivalent control group design

Back 111

A quasi-experimental design that is similar to the after-only experimental design, but randomization is not used to assign participants to treatment or control groups

Front 112

One-group-pretest-posttest design

Back 112

A study approach used by researchers when only one group is available for study. Participants act as their own controls, and no randomization occurs, thus enhancing the internal validity of the study. Data is collected before and after an experimental treatment on this group of participants

Front 113

Time series design

Back 113

A quasi experimental design used to determine trends before and after an experimental treatment. Measurements are taken several times before the introduction of the experimental treatment, the treatment is introduced, and measurements are taken again at specified times afterward

Front 114

A priori

Back 114

From latin meaning "the former"; that is before the study or analysis or before initiating an intervention

Front 115

Evaluation research

Back 115

Is the use of scientific research methods and procedures to evaluate a program, treatment, practice or policy outcomes; the analytical means used to document the worth of an activity

Front 116

Formative evaluation

Back 116

A program is assessed as it is being implemented; usually the focus is on evaluation of the process of a program rather than the outcomes

Front 117

Summative evaluation

Back 117

The outcomes of a program are assessed after the completion of the initial program

Front 118

Non-experimental design

Back 118

A research design in which an investigator observes a phenomenon without manipulating the independent variable or variables

Front 119

Descriptive/exploratory survey

Back 119

A type of nonexperimental research used to search for accurate information about the characteristics of particular participants, groups, institutions, or situations or about the frequency of a phenomenon's occurrence, particularly when little is known about the phenomenon OR research in which descriptions of existing phenomena are collected for the purpose of using the data to justify or assess current conditions or to make plans for improvement of conditions

Front 120

Relationship/difference study

Back 120

A study where investigators endeavour to trace the relationships or differences between variables that can provide a deeper insight into a phenomenon

Front 121

Correlational study

Back 121

A type of non-experimental research where an investigator examines the relationship between two or more variables

Front 122

Cross-sectional study

Back 122

Non-experimental research where researchers examine data at one time; in other words, the data are collected on only one occasion with the same participants rather than with the same participants at several times

Front 123

Cohort

Back 123

Participants of a specific group that are being studied

Front 124

Longitudinal study or prospect study

Back 124

(repeated measures studies) non-experimental research design in which a researcher collects data from the same group at different points in time

Front 125

Retrospective study

Back 125

Essentially the same as an ex post facto study; a non-experimental research design that begins with the phenomenon of interest (the dependent variable) in the present and examines its relationship to another variable (the independent variable) in the past

Front 126

Retrospective data

Back 126

Data that have already been recorded, such as scores on a standard examination

Front 127

Hierarchical linear modelling (HLM)

Back 127

A type of regression analysis that allows for analysis of hierarchically structured data simultaneously at all levels. It is used to describe the statistical techniques used in these studies

Front 128

Prediction study

Back 128

A type of nonexperimental research design where a model may be tested to assess which independent variables can best explain the one or more dependent variables in order to make a forecast or prediction derived from particular phenomena

Front 129

Methodological research

Back 129

The controlled investigation and measurement of the means of gathering and analyzing data; development and evaluation of data collection instruments, scales and techniques

Front 130

Psychometrics

Back 130

The theory and development of measurement instruments (such as questionnaires) and measurement techniques (such as observational techniques) through the research process

Front 131

Meta-analysis

Back 131

A statistical technique, not a research design. It is based on a strict scientific approach in systematic reviews, in which the results of many studies in a specific area are synthesized and statistically summarized to formulate and overall conclusion. OR it is a research method in which the results of multiple studies in a specific area are examined and the findings are synthesized to make conclusions regarding the area of focus.

Front 132

Secondary analysis

Back 132

Is not a design but a form of research in which the previously collected and analyzed data from one study are reanalyzed for a secondary purpose

Front 133

Epidemiological study

Back 133

In such a study, factors effecting the health and illness of populations are examined in relation to the environment

Front 134

Prevalence

Back 134

The number of people affected by a disease or health problem

Front 135

Incidence

Back 135

The number of cases occurring in a particular period

Front 136

1. Which of the following factors would beconsidered a mediating variable among potential subjects in a study todetermine whether high doses of vitamin C are helpful in reducingsusceptibility to influenza?

a. Gender and religion of the potential subjects

b. The subjects’ previous experience with influenza

c. Thesubjects having received influenza vaccination

d. The educational level and marital status of thepotential subjects

Back 136

C

Front 137

2. In what way does literature review assist aresearcher in selecting the appropriate design for a quantitative study?

a. By enlarging the scope of hypotheses

b. By ensuring that the researcher remains faithfulto the study purpose

c. By allowing the researcher to compare currentfindings with previous findings

d. Byproviding the opportunity to determine the problem area

Back 137

D

Front 138

3. Which of the following conditions is met whenall aspects of a study systematically and logically follow from the researchproblem?

a. Internal validity

b. External validity

c. Accuracy

d. Legitimacy

Back 138

C

Front 139

How would an investigator ensure that a sampleis homogeneous?

a. Byrestricting eligibility criteria to control for extraneous variables relevant to the study.

b. By randomly assigning subjects to either theexperimental group or the control group

c. By assigning one research assistant to collectall data.

d. By collecting all the data at the same time ofday.

Back 139

A

Front 140

How should the researcher proceed when thesecond person interviewed during a phenomenological study makes statements thatare very similar to those made by the first participant?

a. Stop interviewing more participants because thedata are considered saturated.

b. Ask the second participant whether he or she hasbeen talking with the first participant.c. Continueto interview more participants to determine whether the similarities inresponses persist or were just coincidental.

d. Continue to interview participants but changethe phrasing of the question used to initiate dialogue.

Back 140

C

Front 141

Which of the following actions or behavioursshould be avoided in a study employing grounded theory methods?

a. Having "hunches" about emergingpatterns before data gathering is completed

b. Theresearcher expressing his or her opinions or values to the participant

c. Changing how data about experiences arecollected or selected after the study has been initiated

d. Expanding codes or data categories as the studyprogresses

Back 141

B

Front 142

Does informed consent begin with an explanation of the study and end when the consent is signed?

Back 142

False

Front 143

Which ethical principle can be defined by the statement "human subjects should be treated fairly"

Back 143

Justice

Front 144

The three basic ethical principles in the TCPs are

Back 144

Respect for persons, beneficence, justice

Front 145

Which of the following distinctions ischaracteristic of qualitative research methods?

a. Data arein text form.

b. Data are dichotomous (either yes or no).

c. Qualitative research does not generate data.d. Data from qualitative studies are inappropriatefor analysis.

Back 145

A

Front 146

Which part of the following research questionconstitutes its context?"What is the grief experience of women over 30 from ruralSaskatchewan who have experienced a late-stage pregnancy loss?"

a. Late-stage pregnancy loss

b. Women over 30

c. Grief experience

d. Saskatchewan

Back 146

D

Front 147

1. Which of the following aims of research ischaracteristic or appropriate for qualitative research methods?

a. Control

b. Prediction

c. Explanation

d. Understanding

Back 147

D

Front 148

Which of the following factors in a researchreport indicates that the study used a qualitative design?

a. Hypotheses are stated.

b. The sample is described as convenient.

c. Studyparticipants are described as informants.

d. Participants were asked to complete aforced-choice questionnaire to measure their understanding of the topic.

Back 148

C

Front 149

Which of the following study purposes andmethodological procedures is inappropriate for qualitative methods?

a. Testingof a new hypothesis

b. Using an intensive approach to data collection

c. Using inductive analysis with the captured data

Back 149

A

Front 150

"What is the experience of those living in a nursing home who seem well adjusted?" is an example of

Back 150

Phenomenology

Front 151

"What is the process that a person goes through to reach a decision that the nursing home is the right place to be?" Is an example of

Back 151

Grounded theory

Front 152

"What is the culture of family support groups for those with loved ones in nursing homes?" Is an example of

Back 152

Ethnography

Front 153

Phenomenology

Back 153

Attempts to understand people's perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation

Front 154

Composite

Back 154

Overall description of the phenomena as people experience it

Front 155

Grounded theory

Back 155

Major purpose is to start with the data and use it to develop a theory

Refers to the theory developed being grounded or rooted in the data collected in the field than the research literature

Front 156

How is nursing research significant to the profession of nursing?A. Responsibility is more specifically definedB. Liability within the practice of nursing is decreasedC. A specialized body of knowledge is generated for use in the delivery of healthD. The scope of nursing practice is expanded into areas formerly reserved for other disciplines

Back 156

C

Front 157

In which section of a research report or article would you expect to find a detailed description of the instruments used to measure specific study variables?A. Problem statementB. MethodsC. SamplingD. Data analysis

Back 157

B

Front 158

What should be the determining factor for a researcher to conduct a qualitative study?A. The need to test a theoryB. The nature of the research questionC. The age and gender of the study participantsD. The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomena

Back 158

B

Front 159

____ are the person beliefs of the researcherA. Personal ontologyB. Epistemology C. ValuesD. Aim of inquiry

Back 159

C

Front 160

The contextual focus of ____ is on biographical attributes such as race, age, and geographic location

Back 160

Post-positivism

Front 161

A researcher designs a study to test the pain-relieving effect of a vibration intervention based on gate-control theory. They are likely to have used ____ reasoning.

Back 161

Deductive

Front 162

Post-positivism's ontology states that researchers are naturally biased and objectivity is the ultimate goal True or false

Back 162

False; Post-positivism's epistemology states that researchers are naturally biased and objectivity is the ultimate goal

Front 163

What is the major difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning?

Back 163

Inductive reasoning starts with observed details that lead to a general structure or picture, whereas deductive reasoning begins with a structure or picture that guides the search for associated details

Front 164

A definition intended to convey the general meaning of the concept

Back 164

Conceptual definition

Front 165

______ specify the relationship between components of a framework

Back 165

Theories

Front 166

Inductive reasoning is most often used in qualitative research True or false?

Back 166

True

Front 167

A _____ _____ is defined as a structure of concepts, theories, or both that is used to construct a map for the study

Back 167

Theoretical and conceptual framework

Front 168

Questions like "what is knowledge?" and "how is knowledge acquired are the domains of _______

Back 168

Epistemology

Front 169

Reflection and bracketing are typical approaches to limiting the influence of research values within the post-positivist paradigm True or false?

Back 169

False

Front 170

Which research paradigm is most likely to ask questions such as "how does gender influence how people access cancer care?"

Back 170

Critical theory

Front 171

_____ research is systematic, interactive and subjective research method used to describe and give meaning to life experiences

Back 171

Qualitative

Front 172

The ladder of abstraction from most abstract to most concrete

Back 172

Worldview, framework, theories, concepts, variable

Front 173

What is a paradigm?

Back 173

Philosophical beliefs that influence the way people in a society think about the world

Front 174

How is a model related to a concept or concepts?

Back 174

A model demonstrates the relationships among or between concepts

Front 175

A ____ is a tentative statement of relationship between two or more variables that can be empirically tested. It can also be thought of as a micro theory.

Back 175

Hypothesis

Front 176

In which section of a research report or study would the study sampling be presented?

Back 176

Methods

Front 177

When an idea or a clinical situation has emerged as a potential research problem, what is the next appropriate step?

Back 177

Performing a literature review

Front 178

What is the key difference between independent and dependent variables?

Back 178

The dependent variable should change in response to the manipulation of the independent variable

Front 179

What type of hypothesis is demonstrated by the following statement? "there will be no difference in the number of adverse events among clients discharged 2 days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with the clients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy"

Back 179

Null hypothesis

Front 180

Which of the following strategies or actions is most important in writing a relevant literature review? A. Including as many secondary sources as possible B. Analyzing an article for its strengths/weaknesses C. Using direct quotations to present the most informationD. Allowing the research consumer to form his or her own synthesis of the literature

Back 180

B

Front 181

In which section of a research report or study would unexpected findings be presented?

Back 181

Discussion

Front 182

Which of the following is one of the first objectives of critically reading a research study report?

Back 182

To determine if the study is qualitative or quantitative

Front 183

Clarifying unfamiliar terms within the text is an example of ______

Back 183

Critical reading

Front 184

______ an interrogative sentence or declarative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

Back 184

Hypothesis

Front 185

What is the level of postoperative infection following the use of clean tracheostomy care? Is an example of a :

Back 185

Research questions

Front 186

Research

Back 186

Is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena

Front 187

Phenomena

Back 187

Occurrences, circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses such as the expression of pain or loss. They are the circumstances of interest to the nurse.

Front 188

Evidence based practice

Back 188

Conscious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients and the delivery of health care services

Front 189

Evidence informed practice

Back 189

Acknowledging and considering the myriad factors beyond such evidence as local indigenous knowledge, cultural and religious norms, and clinical judgement

Front 190

Data

Back 190

Information systematically collected in the course of a study; the plural of datum

Front 191

Consumer

Back 191

A person who actively uses and applies research

Front 192

Generalizability

Back 192

The extent to which data can be inferred to be representative of similar phenomena in a population beyond the studied sample

Front 193

What are the 5 steps of the knowledge development process?

Back 193

a. Knowledge gap b. Knowledge generation c. Knowledge distribution d. Knowledge adaption e. Knowledge review

Front 194

What are the different types of nursing knowledge?

Back 194

a. Personal b. Experiential c. Ethical d. Aesthetic e. Sociopolitical f. Theoretical/Empirical

Front 195

Philosophical beliefs

Back 195

The system of motivating values, concepts, principles, and the nature of human knowledge of an individual, group, or culture. The basis of world view or paradigm.

Front 196

World view

Back 196

The way people in society think about the world

Front 197

Paradigm

Back 197

Means pattern; set of beliefs and practices shared by communities of researchers, that guide the knowledge development process

Front 198

Ontology

Back 198

What exists

Front 199

Epistemology

Back 199

The theory of knowledge

Front 200

Methodology

Back 200

Discipline-specific principles, rules, and procedures that guide the process through which knowledge is acquired

Front 201

Aim of inquiry

Back 201

The goals or specific objectives of the research, which vary with the paradigm

Front 202

Context

Back 202

The personal, social, and political environment in which a phenomenon of interest occurs

Front 203

Post-positivism

Back 203

The view that a "reality" exists that can be observed, measured and understood. However, this view is tempered by the belief that science offers an imperfect understanding of the world. It suggests that a material world exists; that things can be sensed. Values objectivity.

Front 204

Contructivism

Back 204

The basis for the naturalistic (qualitative) research, a belief that reality is not fixed but rather is a construction of the people perceiving it. Suggests reality and the way in which we understand our world are largely dependent on our perception. Values subjectivity. Seeks to understand people from their point of view.

Front 205

Critical social though

Back 205

A philosophical orientation that suggests that reality and a persons understanding of reality are constructed by people with the most power a particular point in history. Strong focus on how power imbalances influence health and wellbeing. Values subjectivity, seeks to understand people from their point of view.

Front 206

Model

Back 206

A symbolic representation of a set of concepts that is created to depict relationships

Front 207

Research hypothesis

Back 207

A statement about the expected relationship between variables. also known as scientific hypothesis.

Front 208

Statistical / null hypothesis

Back 208

A statement that no relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables.

Front 209

Directional hypothesis

Back 209

A hypothesis that specifies the expected direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Front 210

Nondirectional hypothesis

Back 210

A hypothesis that indicates the existence of a relationship between the variables but does not specify the anticipated direction of the relationship

Front 211

Conceptual definition

Back 211

The general meaning of a concept

Front 212

Operational definition

Back 212

The description of how a concept is measured and what instruments are used to capture the essence of the variable.

Front 213

Hypothesis

Back 213

A tentative statement of relationship between two or more variables that can be tested empirically. It is a best guess or prediction about what a researcher expects to find with regard to the relationship between two or more variables.

Front 214

Hermenuetics

Back 214

A theoretical framework in which to understand or interpret human phenomena from the study of those phenomena

Front 215

Population

Back 215

A well-defined set that has certain specified properties

Front 216

Eligibility criteria

Back 216

Characteristics of a population that meet requirements for inclusion in a study

Front 217

Delimitations

Back 217

Characteristics that restrict the population to a homogeneous group of participants

Front 218

Heterogeneity

Back 218

Dissimilarities of a sample group, which inhibit the researchers ability to interpret the findings meaningfully and make generalizations

Front 219

Homogeneous

Back 219

Having limited variations in attributes or characteristics

Front 220

Target population

Back 220

A population or group of individuals who meet the sampling criteria and about whom the researcher hopes to make generalizations

Front 221

Accessible population

Back 221

A population that meets the population criteria and is available

Front 222

Sample

Back 222

A subset of sampling units, or elements, from a population

Front 223

Element

Back 223

The most basic unit about which information is collected

Front 224

Representative sample

Back 224

A sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population

Front 225

Non-probability sampling

Back 225

A selection technique in which elements are chosen by non-random methods

Front 226

Probability sampling

Back 226

A selection technique in which some form of random selection is used when the sample units are chosen

Front 227

Convenience sampling

Back 227

A non-probability sampling strategy in which the most readily accessible persons or objects serve as participants or subjects of a study

Front 228

Quota sampling

Back 228

A non-probability sampling strategy that identifies a specific strata of the population and represents the strata proportionately in the sample

Front 229

Random selection

Back 229

A selection process in which each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample

Front 230

Simple random sampling

Back 230

A probability sampling strategy in which the population is defined, a sampling frame is listed, and a subset from which the sample will be chosen is selected; members are randomly selected

Front 231

Sampling frame

Back 231

A list of all the units of a population

Front 232

Stratified random sampling

Back 232

A probability sampling strategy in which the population is divided into strata or subgroups; members of each strata are homogeneous with regard to certain characteristics. An appropriate number of elements from each subgroup are randomly selected based on their proportion in the population

Front 233

Multistage sampling or cluster sampling

Back 233

A sampling method that involves successive random sampling of units (clusters) that progresses from large to small and meets sample eligibility criteria

Front 234

Sampling unit

Back 234

The element or set of elements used for selecting the sample

Front 235

Systematic sampling

Back 235

A probability sampling strategy that involves the selection of participants randomly drawn from a population list at fixed intervals

Front 236

Sampling interval

Back 236

The standard distance between the elements chosen for the sample

Front 237

Matching

Back 237

A special sampling strategy used to construct an equivalent comparison sample group by filling it with participants who are similar to each subject in another sample group in terms of pre-established variables, such as age and gender

Front 238

Network sampling or snowball effect sampling

Back 238

A strategy used for finding samples that are difficult to locate. This strategy entails the use of social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common; participants who meet the eligibility criteria are asked for assistance in getting in touch with others who meet the same criteria

Front 239

Purposive sampling

Back 239

A sampling strategy in which the researcher's knowledge of the population and its elements is used to select the participants

Front 240

Data saturation

Back 240

A point when the information collected by the researcher becomes repetitive; ideas conveyed by the participant have been shared previously by other participants, and inclusion of additional participants does not result in new ideas

Front 241

Theoretical sampling

Back 241

In the grounded theory method, the sampling method used to select experiences that will help the researcher test ideas and gather complete information about developing concepts

Front 242

Pilot study

Back 242

A small, simple study conducted as a prelude to a larger scale study (which is often called the "parent study")

Front 243

Effect size

Back 243

Measurement of the magnitude of a treatment effect; how large of a difference is observed between the groups

Front 244

Objective

Back 244

An adjective describing data that are not influenced by anyone who collects the information

Front 245

Systematic

Back 245

A term used when data collection is carried out in the same manner with all the participants and by all persons collecting the data

Front 246

Operationalization

Back 246

The process of translating concepts into observable, measurable phenomenon

Front 247

Measurement

Back 247

The assignment of numbers to objects or events according to rules

Front 248

Operational definition

Back 248

The description of how a concept is measured and what instruments are used to capture the essence of the variable

Front 249

Consistency

Back 249

An aspect of the data collection process that requires the data be collected from each subject in the study in exactly the same way or as close to the same way as possible

Front 250

Intervention fidelity

Back 250

Consistency in data collection

Front 251

Interrater reliability

Back 251

The consistency of observations between two or more observers; often expressed as a percentage of agreement between raters or observers or a coefficient of agreement that takes into account the element of chance; generally used with the direct observation method

Front 252

Physiological measurement

Back 252

The use of specialized equipment to determine the physical status of participants in a study

Front 253

Biological measurement

Back 253

The use of specialized equipment to determine the biological status of participants in a study

Front 254

Scientific observation

Back 254

The collecting of data about the environment and participants. The observations undertaken are consistent with the specific objectives of the study; the collection of data is systematically planned and recorded; all observations are checked and controlled; and the observations are related to scientific concepts and theories

Front 255

Concealment

Back 255

An observational method that refers to whether or not the participants know they are being observed

Front 256

Intervention

Back 256

An observational method that deals with whether or not the observer provokes actions from those who are being observed

Front 257

Debriefing

Back 257

The opportunity for researchers to discuss the study with participants and for participants to refuse to have their data included in the study

Front 258

Reactivity

Back 258

The distortion created when those who are being observed change their behaviour because they know they are being observed

Front 259

Interview

Back 259

A method of data collection in which a data collector questions a subject verbally. Such an interview may occur face to face, over the telephone, or by Skype or other electronic media, and may consist of open-ended or closed-ended questions

Front 260

Questionnaire

Back 260

An instrument designed to gather data from individuals

Front 261

Scale

Back 261

A self-report measurement tool in which items of indirect interest are combined to obtain an overall score. A set of symbols is used to respond to each item. A rating or score is assigned to each response.

Front 262

Open-ended item

Back 262

A question that respondents may answer in their own words

Front 263

Closed-ended-item

Back 263

A question that respondents may answer with only one of a fixed number of choices

Front 264

Likert-type scale

Back 264

A list of statements for which responses are varying degrees of agreement or opinion

Front 265

Content analysis

Back 265

A technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of communications and documentary evidence

Front 266

Social desirability

Back 266

The tendency of a subject to respond in a manner that he or she believes will please the researcher rather than in an honest manner

Front 267

Records or available data

Back 267

Information that is collected from existing materials, such as hospital records, historical documents, and audio or video recordings

Front 268

Internal criticism

Back 268

The process of judging the reliability or consistency of information within a historical document

Front 269

External criticism

Back 269

A process used to judge the authenticity of historical data

Front 270

Rigour

Back 270

The strictness with which a study is conducted to enhance the quality, believability, or trustworthiness of study findings

Front 271

Reliability

Back 271

The consistency or constancy of a measuring instrument; the extent to which the instrument yields the same results on repeated measures

Front 272

Stability

Back 272

An instruments ability to produce the same results with repeated testing

Front 273

Homogeneity or internal consistency

Back 273

A similarity of conditions

Front 274

Equivalence

Back 274

Consistency or agreement among observers using the same measurement tool, or agreement among alternative forms of a tool

Front 275

Reliability coefficient or alpha coefficient

Back 275

A number between 0 and 1 that expresses the relationship between the error variance, true variance, and the observed score. A correlation of 0 indicates no relationship; the closer to 1 the coefficient is, the more reliable is the tool

Front 276

Test-retest reliability

Back 276

The stability of the scores of an instrument when it is administered twice to the same participants under the same conditions within a prescribed time interval. The scores from the different times are paired and then compared to determine the stability of the measure

Front 277

Parallel-form reliability or alternate-form reliability

Back 277

A reliability measure in which two or more alternate forms of a measure are administered to the same participants at different times. The scores of the two tests determine the degree of relationship between the measures.

Front 278

Item-to-total correlation

Back 278

The relationship between each item on a scale and the total scale

Front 279

Split-half reliability

Back 279

An index of the comparison between the scores on one half of a test with those on the other half to determine the consistency in response to items that reflect specific content

Front 280

Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) coefficient

Back 280

The estimate of homogeneity used for instruments in which a dichotomous response pattern is used

Front 281

Cronbach's alpha

Back 281

A test of the internal consistency in which each item in a scale is simultaneously compared with others

Front 282

Interrater reliability

Back 282

The consistency of observations between two or more observers; often expressed as a percentage of agreement between raters or observers or a coefficient of agreement that takes into account the element of chance; generally used with the direct observation method

Front 283

Validity

Back 283

The determination of whether a measurement instrument actually measures what it is purported to measure

Front 284

Validation sample

Back 284

The sample that provides the initial data for determining the reliability and validity of a measurement tool

Front 285

Content validity

Back 285

The degree to which the content of the measure represents the universe of content or the domain of a given behaviour

Front 286

Face validity

Back 286

A type of content validity in which an expert's opinion is used to judge the accuracy of an instrument

Front 287

Criterion-related validity

Back 287

The degree of relationship between performance on the measure and the actual behaviour, either in the present (concurrent) or in the future (predictive)

Front 288

Concurrent validity

Back 288

The degree of correlation between two measures of the same concept that are administered at the same time

Front 289

Predictive validity

Back 289

The degree of correlation between the measure of a concept and some future measure of the same concept

Front 290

Construct validity

Back 290

The extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait

Front 291

Hypothesis-testing approach

Back 291

A strategy for assessing construct validity in which the theory or concept underlying a measurement instrument's design is used to develop hypotheses that are tested. Inferences are made based on the findings about whether the rationale underlying the instruments construction is adequate to explain the findings.

Front 292

Convergent validity

Back 292

A type of construct validity in which two or more tools that theoretically measure the same construct are positively correlated

Front 293

Divergent validity

Back 293

A type of construct reality in which two or more tools that theoretically measure the opposite of the construct are negatively correlated

Front 294

Multitrait-multimethod approach

Back 294

A type of validation in which more than one method is used to assess the accuracy of an instrument (e.g. observation and interview of anxiety)

Front 295

Contrasted-groups approach or known-groups approach

Back 295

A method used to assess construct validity. A researcher identifies two groups of individuals who are suspected of having either an extremely high or an extremely low score on a characteristic; scores from the groups are obtained and examined for sensitivity to the differences.

Front 296

Factor analysis

Back 296

A strategy for assessing construct validity in which a statistical procedure is used to determine the underlying dimensions or components of a variable and to assess the degree to which the individual items on a scale truly cluster around one or more dimensions

Front 297

Error variance

Back 297

The extent to which the variance in test scores is attributable to error rather than to a true measure of behaviours

Front 298

Observed test score

Back 298

The actual score obtained in a measure, the true score plus error

Front 299

Chance error or random error

Back 299

An error attributable to fluctuations in subject characteristics that occur at a specific point in time and are often beyond the awareness and control of the examiner; an error that is difficult to control, unsystematic, and unpredictable and this cannot be corrected

Front 300

Credibility

Back 300

A characteristic of qualitative research that refers to the accuracy, validity, and soundness of data

Front 301

Auditability

Back 301

The characteristic of a qualitative study, developed by the investigator's research process, that allows another researcher or a reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the investigator

Front 302

Fittingness

Back 302

The degree to which study findings are applicable outside the study situation and how meaningful the results are to individuals not involved in the research

Front 303

Reduction

Back 303

The process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions

Front 304

Themes

Back 304

Structured meaning units of data that occur frequently in the text

Front 305

Thematic analysis

Back 305

The process of recognizing and recovering the emergent themes in data - is an important aspect of organizing data

Front 306

Coding

Back 306

Is a progressive marking, sorting, resorting, and defining and redefining of the collected data

Front 307

Codes

Back 307

Simply tags or labels that are assigned to the themes in a qualitative study; often, the code itself is only one to four words long

Front 308

Data display

Back 308

As "an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action" OR compression and organization of data that promotes understanding and visualization and enables conclusions to be drawn

Front 309

Constant comparative method

Back 309

Used in the grounded theory; new data are compared as they emerge with data previously analyzed OR a process of continually comparing data as they are acquired during research

Front 310

Member checking

Back 310

The quickest way to know whether the interpretation is accurate is through sharing the findings with the participants. This sharing is an integral part of participatory action research.

Front 311

Descriptive statistics

Back 311

Statistical details used to describe and summarize sample data

Front 312

Measures of central tendency

Back 312

Descriptive statistical techniques that describe the average member of a sample (e.g. mean, median, and mode)

Front 313

Scatter plots

Back 313

A visual representation of the strength and magnitude of the relationship between two variables

Front 314

Inferential statistics

Back 314

Statistical details that combine mathematical processes and logic to test hypotheses about a population with the help of a sample data

Front 315

Levels of measurement

Back 315

Categorization of the precision with which an event can be measured (nomial, ordinal, interval, and ratio)

Front 316

Nominal measurement

Back 316

The level used to classify objects or events into categories without any relative ranking (e.g. gender, hair colour)

Front 317

Ordinal measurement

Back 317

A calculation to show rankings of events or objects; numbers are not equidistant, and zero is arbitrary (class ranking)

Front 318

Interval measurement

Back 318

A type of measurement in which events or objects are ranked on a scale, with equal intervals between numbers but with a ranking set arbitrarily at zero (e.g. Celsius temperature)

Front 319

Ratio measurement

Back 319

The ranking of the order of events or objects that has equal intervals and an absolute zero (e.g. height, weight)

Front 320

Frequency distribution

Back 320

A descriptive statistical method for summarizing the occurrences of events under study

Front 321

Kurtosis

Back 321

The relative peakness or flatness of a distribution

Front 322

Mode

Back 322

A measure of central tendency; the most frequent score or result

Front 323

Modality

Back 323

The number of modes, or peaks, in a frequency distribution

Front 324

Median

Back 324

A measure of central tendency; in a range of scores, the middle score (50% of the scores are above it and 50% are below it)

Front 325

Mean

Back 325

A measure of central tendency; arithmetic average of all scores

Front 326

Normal curve

Back 326

A statistical curve that is unimodial and symmetrical about the mean

Front 327

Measures of variability

Back 327

Descriptive statistical procedures that descrive the level of dispersion in sample data

Front 328

Semi quartile range (semi-interquartile range)

Back 328

A measure of variability; the range of the middle 50% of the score

Front 329

Percentile

Back 329

A measure of rank; the percentage of scores that a give score exceeds

Front 330

Standard deviation

Back 330

A measure of variability; measure of average deviation of scores from the mean. In equations, abbreviated SD

Front 331

Z score

Back 331

A rating used to compare measurements in standard units; an examination of the relative distance of the scores from the mean

Front 332

Parameter

Back 332

A characteristic of a population

Front 333

Population

Back 333

A well-defined set that has certain specific properties

Front 334

Scientist hypothesis

Back 334

The researcher's expectation about the outcome of a study. Also known as the research hypothesis or H1

Front 335

Null hypothesis

Back 335

A statement that no relationship exists between the variables and that any relationship observed is a result of chance or fluctuations in sampling. Also known as statistical hypothesis.

Front 336

Probability

Back 336

The long-run relative frequency of an event in repeated trials under similar conditions

Front 337

Sampling error

Back 337

The tendency for statistics to fluctuate from one sample to another

Front 338

Standard error

Back 338

The standard deviation of a theoretical distribution of sample means. It indicates the average error in the estimation of the population mean

Front 339

Type I error

Back 339

The researchers incorrect decision to reject the null hypothesis

Front 340

Type II error

Back 340

As a result of the sample data, the failure to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually fake

Front 341

Power

Back 341

The conditional prior probability that the researcher will make a correct decision to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false

Front 342

Level of significance (alpha level)

Back 342

The risk of making a type 1 error, set by the researcher before the study begins

Front 343

Alpha

Back 343

Considered an a priori probability because it is set before the data are collected. Also considered a conditional probability because the null hypothesis is assumed to be true.

Front 344

P value

Back 344

The conditional probability of obtaining, from the study data, the value of the test statistic that is at least as extreme as that calculated from the data, given that the null hypothesis is true

Front 345

Nonparametric tests of significance

Back 345

Inferential statistics that make no assumptions about the population distribution

Front 346

Nonparametric statistics

Back 346

Statistics that are usually used when variables are measured at the nominal or ordinal level because they do not estimate population parameters and involve less restrictive assumptions about the underlying distribution. Also called distribution-free tests.

Front 347

Parametric statistics

Back 347

Inferential statistics that involve the estimation of at least one parameter, require measurement at the interval level or higher, and involve assumptions about the variables being studied. These assumptions usually include the fact that the variable is normally distributed.

Front 348

Degree of freedom

Back 348

The number of quantities that are unknown minus the number of independent equations linking these unknowns; a function of the number in the sample.

Front 349

Logisticregression (logit analysis)

Back 349

the analysis of relationships between multipleindependent variables and a dependent variable that is binary, ordinal, or polynomial

Front 350

Tstatistic

Back 350

the test of whether two groups means are moredifferent than would be expected by chance. The groups may be related orindependent

Front 351

Analysisof variance (ANOVA)

Back 351

A statistic that tests whether group meansdiffer from each other; instead of testing each pair of means separately, ANOVAconsiders the variation among all groups

Front 352

Multipleanalysis of variance (MANOVA)

Back 352

A test used to determine differences in a groupmeans when a study has more than one dependent variable

Front 353

Posthoc analysis

Back 353

Comparison of all possible pairs of means afteran omnibus ANOVA to determine where the differences lie

Front 354

Analysisof covariance (ANCOVA)

Back 354

A statistic that measures differences amonggroup means and uses a statistical technique to equate the groups under studyin relation to an important variable

Front 355

Chi-square(X2)

Back 355

A nonparametric statistic used to determinewhether the frequency found in each category is different from the frequencythat would be expected by chance

Front 356

Fisher’sexact probability test

Back 356

An analysis used to compare frequencies whensamples are small and expected frequencies are less than six in each cell

Front 357

Correlation

Back 357

the degree of association between two variables

Front 358

Pearsoncorrelation coefficient (Pearson r)

Back 358

A statistics that is calculated to reflect thedegree of relationship between two interval level variables.

Front 359

Multipleregression

Back 359

The measure of the relationship between oneinterval-level dependent variable and several independent variables. Canonicalcorrelation is used when a study has more than one dependent variable

Front 360

Confidenceinterval

Back 360

An estimated range of values, which are likelyto include an unknown population parameter calculated from a given set ofsample data. Abbreviated CI

Front 361

Oddsratio

Back 361

The probability of an event, which is calculatedby dividing the odds in the treated or exposed group by the odds in the controlgroup

Front 362

Factoranalysis

Back 362

A strategy for assessing construct validity inwhich a statistical procedure is used to determine the underlying dimensions orcomponents of a variable and to assess the degree to which the individual itemson a scale truly cluster around one or more dimensions

Front 363

Transferability

Back 363

The extent to which findings from onequalitative research study have meaning to other studies in similar situations

Front 364

Generalizability

Back 364

The extent to which data can be inferred to berepresentative of similar phenomena in a population beyond the studied sample

Front 365

Which of the following types of data analysis allowsresearchers to estimate whether results from two groups of a study aresignificantly different from each other?

A. Inferential statistics

B. Experiential statistics

C. Descriptive statistics

D. Mathematical statistics

Back 365

A

Front 366

Which of the following terms represents the middle score ina frequency distribution?

A. Mean

B. Median

C. Mode

D. Percentile

Back 366

B

Front 367

What do measures of central tendency describe?A. How reliably the findings can be generalizedB. Amount of dispersion in the sample

C. Accuracy of predictions made

D. Average member of the sample

Back 367

D

Front 368

A measure of death anxiety resulted in a mean score of 5.4with a standard deviation of 1.6. Where would 34% of the scores fall?

A. Between 2.2 and 8.6

B. Between 3.8 and 7.0

C. Between 3.8 and 5.4

D. Between 5.4 and 8.6

Back 368

C

Front 369

Which of the following terms is used to describe thequantification of the uncertainty of a statistic?A. Confidence interval

B. Retro-evaluation

C. Theoretical critique

D. Interpretation of analysis

Back 369

A

Front 370

Why are themes important results for a qualitative study?

A. They reflect the congruence between thequestions asked and the method of study used.B. They allow description of a large quantityof data in a condensed format.

C. They demonstrate both emic and etic views of atopic.

D. They explain the nature of the differencesreported by participants experiencing a similar phenomenon.

Back 370

B