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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is pharmacokinetics |
The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug
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What is pharmacodynamics |
The biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanism of drug actions
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What is pharmacotherapeutics |
The use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases |
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What is a chemical name of a drug? |
The scientific name that precisely describes it atomic and molecular structure |
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What is the generic name of a drug? |
Abbreviation of the chemical name, we tend to use generic names so we don't get confused. |
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What is the trade name/brand name of a drug? |
Name selected by the drug company selling it. |
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What route is bucally? |
Given into the pouch between the cheek and the gum |
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What route is sublingual? |
Under the tounge |
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What route is translingual? |
On the tounge |
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What route is gastric? |
The direct instillation of medication into the GI system of the patients |
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What route is intradermal? |
Substances are injected into the skin, this route is mainly used for testing for allergies or tuberculosis |
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What route is intramuscular |
This route allows drugs to be injected directly into muscle |
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What is drug absorption? |
Drug absorption covers a drugs progress from the time its adminstered through the tissues until it reaches systemic circulation |
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What affect does reduced blood flow have on absorption? |
It reduces it. |
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Which muscle absorbs I.M injections quickest? Gluteal muscle (buttocks) or Deltoid muscle? (arm) |
Deltoid muscle but the gluteal muscle accommodates larger volumes of drugs. |
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What is drug distribution? |
Drug distribution is the process by which the drug is delivered from the systemic circulation to body tissues and fluids |
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Distribution of an absorbed drug within the body depends on what? |
Blood flow Solubility Protein binding
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Which type of drug can cross a cell membrane, water or lipid (fat) soluble? |
Lipid- soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble drugs cannot. They can also cross the blood brain barrier and enter the brain. |
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Where are drugs metabolised? |
Most drugs are metabloised by enzymes in the liver- can also occur in plasma, kidneys and membranes of the intestines. |
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Where are drugs excreted from? |
Most drugs are excreted from the kidneys and pass out in urine- also can be excreted through lungs exocrine (sweat, salivary or mammary) glands Skin Intestinal tract
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How can drugs affect cells? |
By modifying the cells physical or chemical enviroment By interacting with a receptor |
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What do agonist drugs do? |
An agonist drug binds to a receptor and produces a response. |
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What do antagonist drugs do? |
An antagonist prevents a response from occuring |
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What does drug potency mean? |
Amount of drug required to produce a desired response. |
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What is an expected therapeutic response? |
A drugs desired effect
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What is an adverse drug reaction/side effects or adverse effect? |
Harmful and undersirable response |
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What is a secondary effect? |
Example- Morphine can cause constipation and respiratory depression. Diphenhydramine used as a antihistamine produces sedation as a secondary effect but is sometimes used as a sleep aid.. |
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What do ACE Inhibitors do? |
They are anti-hypertensive drugs lower blood pressure and make the heart beat better
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What do Ace Inhibitors end in? |
PRIL! Captopril Enalapril Fosinopril Lisinopril Perindopril Quinapril Ramipril Trandolapril
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What do alpha blockers do? |
They are used to lower elevated blood pressure end in "zosin" |
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What do alpha-blockers end in? |
ZOSIN! Doxazosin Prazosin Terazosin
Except for Indoramin- Alpha blocker |
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What do angiotensin receptors blockers do? |
They are drugs used to lower blood pressure end in "Sartan" |
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What do angiotensin receptor blockers end in? |
SARTAN Candesartan Irbesartan Losartan Telminsartan Valsartan
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What do Class II calcium antagonists do? |
Lower blood pressure and treat angina end in "ipine" |
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What do class II calcium antagonists end in? |
‘‘ipine’’ – |
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What do beta blockers do? |
Used to lower blood pressure and to treat |
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What do Beta-Blockers end in? |
‘‘lol’’ or ‘‘olol’’ – |
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What does paracetamol do? |
Painkiller that also has an anti-pyretic effect |
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What combination is Domperamol? |
Domperidone & Paracetamol |
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What combination is co-dydramol? |
• Co-dydramol = (Dihydrocodeine & Paracetamol). |
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What are NSAIDS? |
Anti-inflammatory painkillers that work by reducing prostaglandin levels) |
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What do NSAIDs end in? |
often (but not always) either end with or contain the letters ‘‘fen’’ – |
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What are Phenothiazines? |
(anti-psychotic drugs developed in the 1950s to |
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What do Phenothiazines end in? |
‘‘zine’’ – |
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What are anti-histamines? |
drugs used to treat allergic reactions that can |
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What do anti-histamines end in? |
commonly end in ‘‘zine’’ –
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What are 5HT3 antagonits? |
(drugs used to treat severe nausea and vomiting) |
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What do 5HT3 antagonits end in? |
‘‘setron’’ – |
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What are H2 blockers? |
drugs used to treat oesophageal reflux, dyspepsia and gastric ulcers |
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What do H2 blockers end in? |
end with the suffix ‘‘idine’’ – Exceptions to the rule: – |
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What are Proton pump inhibitors or PPI? |
Drugs used in the treatment |
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What do Proton pump inhibitors end in? |
end in ‘‘prazole’’ – |
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What to antibiotics end in? |
tend to end with ‘‘cillin’’ or ‘‘cin’’ – |
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What do Benzodiazepines do? |
Benzodiazepines are drugs that have both |
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What do benzodiazepines end in? |
Most benzodiazepines end with ‘‘zepam’’ – |
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What do Bisphosphonates do? |
Drugs used to treat osteoporosis and to lower |
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What Bisphosphonates end in? |
Bisphosphonates end with ‘‘dronate’’ – |
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What do Hypolipidaemic agents or Statins do? |
Lower elevated serum cholesterol levels Most statins end with ‘‘vastatin’’ – An exception to the rule: – |
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What do Statins end in? |
Most statins end with ‘‘vastatin’’ – |
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What do cholinergic drugs do? |
Cholinergic drugs promote the action of the neurotransmitter acetyclcholline. Also called paracympathomimetic drugs- imitate the parasympathetic nerve stimulation. |
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How are cholingeric agonists usually administered? |
Topically-eye drops Orally Subcut |
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How o cholingeric agonists affect the body? |
Salivation Bradycardia dilation of blood vessels constriction of the bronchioles Increased activity GI tract Increased tone ad contraction of the bladder muscle Constriction of the pupils
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What are cholingeric agonists used for? |
Weak bladder and post op urine retention Treat Gi disoders Reduce eye pressure- glaucoma and eye surgery Treat salivary gland problems |
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Sympathetic nervous system does what? |
Flight or fight |
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Parasympathetic nervous system does what? |
Enhances rest and digest activities. It supports functions that restore and reserve energy. A useful acronym is ‘SLUDD’ – increased SALIVATION…LACRIMATION…URINATION…DIGESTION…DEFEACATION And the 3 decreases HEART RATE, AIRWAYS, PUPILS.
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Acronym SLUDD stands for? Parasympathetic |
increased SALIVATION…LACRIMATION…URINATION…DIGESTION…DEFEACATION |
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What hormones are released by the sympathetic nervous system? |
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) |
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What hormones are released by the parasympathetic nervous system? |
Acetylcholine (Ach) |
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Beta 1 found? |
Cardiac tissue |
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Beta 2 found? |
Dilation of bronchi and relaxation of uterine muscle |
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Where is alpha 1 found? |
Found in blood vessels, the iris, the bladder and cause vasoconstriction, increasing peripheral resistance |
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Where is alpha 2 found? |
Found at synaptic cleft, over stimulation causes decreased NA release |
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What does a Partial agonists do? |
Stimulate's and block depending on for eg dose/duration of drug’s action. Not as effective
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What are Adrenergic agents? |
(A and B) –drugs that imitate noradrenaline and adrenaline (sympathomimetics) |
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What is Phenylephrine used for? |
A- specific agonist used for colds- vasocontricts |
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What does Salmeterol do? |
B specific agonist- Relaxes smooth muscle in lungs |
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Adrenergic agents what do they do? |
inhibits effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline |
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What should asthmatics not take? |
Timolol - non-specific beta blocker used for glaucoma - it has killed asthmatics |
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Why should people with chest diesases- increased secretions not use cough suppressors |
Prevents mucus from coming up, patients with increased secretions could develop infections. |
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What do Xanthine derivatives do? |
Inhibits the breakdown of cAMP Drugs theophylline aminophylline |
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What does Sodium cromoglycate do? |
Asthma- Inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators |
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What are Corticosteroids used for? |
They are commonly prescribed to: * help reduce inflammation (anti-inflammatory)* suppress the immune system (immunosuppressant) * replace hormones that are not being produced by the body due to a health condition (replacement therapy) |
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What do corticosteroids do? |
Mechanism of action still being explored – thought to switch off genes that initiate inflammatory response
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Bacteriocides (antibiotics) What do they do? |
Kill bacteria- Common ones Penicillins |
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What do Bacteriostats do? |
Inhibit new growth Sulphonamides |
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What does Nystatin do? |
kills yeast/fungi by increased wall permeability |
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Side effects of Salbutamol |
tachycardia and agitation |
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Atrovent (ipratropium bromide) What is it used for? |
Ipratropium blocks the muscarinic receptors in the lungs and therefore stops the action of acetylcholine on them. This allows the muscle around the airways to relax and the airways to open. This makes it easier for people with asthma or COPD to breathe. |
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Acetylcysteine when inhaled used for? |
Thins and loosens mucus in the airways due to certain lung diseases. This effect helps you to clear the mucus from your lungs so that you can breath easier. |
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What are the side affects of acetylcysteine? |
Nausea and vomiting may occur. Mouth sores and runny nose |
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What is Carbocysteine used for? |
Dietary management of patients with pulmonary oxidative stress, especially patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It helps to increase antioxidants in the body. |
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What does Theophylline do? |
Theophylline relaxes the air passages of the lungs to make breathing easier and to help prevent asthma attacks. It may also help to reduce inflammation in the airways. |