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92 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is pharmacokinetics

The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug

What is pharmacodynamics

The biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanism of drug actions


What is pharmacotherapeutics

The use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

What is a chemical name of a drug?

The scientific name that precisely describes it atomic and molecular structure

What is the generic name of a drug?

Abbreviation of the chemical name, we tend to use generic names so we don't get confused.

What is the trade name/brand name of a drug?

Name selected by the drug company selling it.

What route is bucally?

Given into the pouch between the cheek and the gum

What route is sublingual?

Under the tounge

What route is translingual?

On the tounge

What route is gastric?

The direct instillation of medication into the GI system of the patients

What route is intradermal?

Substances are injected into the skin, this route is mainly used for testing for allergies or tuberculosis

What route is intramuscular

This route allows drugs to be injected directly into muscle

What is drug absorption?

Drug absorption covers a drugs progress from the time its adminstered through the tissues until it reaches systemic circulation

What affect does reduced blood flow have on absorption?

It reduces it.

Which muscle absorbs I.M injections quickest? Gluteal muscle (buttocks) or Deltoid muscle? (arm)

Deltoid muscle but the gluteal muscle accommodates larger volumes of drugs.

What is drug distribution?

Drug distribution is the process by which the drug is delivered from the systemic circulation to body tissues and fluids

Distribution of an absorbed drug within the body depends on what?

Blood flow


Solubility


Protein binding


Which type of drug can cross a cell membrane, water or lipid (fat) soluble?

Lipid- soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble drugs cannot.


They can also cross the blood brain barrier and enter the brain.

Where are drugs metabolised?

Most drugs are metabloised by enzymes in the liver- can also occur in plasma, kidneys and membranes of the intestines.

Where are drugs excreted from?

Most drugs are excreted from the kidneys and pass out in urine- also can be excreted through


lungs


exocrine (sweat, salivary or mammary) glands


Skin


Intestinal tract


How can drugs affect cells?

By modifying the cells physical or chemical enviroment


By interacting with a receptor

What do agonist drugs do?

An agonist drug binds to a receptor and produces a response.

What do antagonist drugs do?

An antagonist prevents a response from occuring

What does drug potency mean?

Amount of drug required to produce a desired response.

What is an expected therapeutic response?

A drugs desired effect


What is an adverse drug reaction/side effects or adverse effect?

Harmful and undersirable response

What is a secondary effect?

Example- Morphine can cause constipation and respiratory depression. Diphenhydramine used as a antihistamine produces sedation as a secondary effect but is sometimes used as a sleep aid..

What do ACE Inhibitors do?

They are anti-hypertensive drugs lower blood pressure and make the heart beat better


What do Ace Inhibitors end in?

PRIL!


Captopril


Enalapril


Fosinopril


Lisinopril


Perindopril


Quinapril


Ramipril


Trandolapril


What do alpha blockers do?

They are used to lower elevated blood pressure


end in "zosin"

What do alpha-blockers end in?

ZOSIN!


Doxazosin


Prazosin


Terazosin



Except for


Indoramin- Alpha blocker

What do angiotensin receptors blockers do?

They are drugs used to lower blood pressure


end in "Sartan"

What do angiotensin receptor blockers end in?

SARTAN


Candesartan


Irbesartan


Losartan


Telminsartan


Valsartan


What do Class II calcium antagonists do?

Lower blood pressure and treat angina


end in "ipine"

What do class II calcium antagonists end in?

‘‘ipine’’ –
• Amlodipine
• Felodipine
• Isradipine
• Lacidipine
• Nicardipine
• Nifedipine

What do beta blockers do?

Used to lower blood pressure and to treat
conditions such as angina and anxiety) usually end with ‘‘lol’’ or ‘‘olol’’ –

What do Beta-Blockers end in?

‘‘lol’’ or ‘‘olol’’ –
• Atenolol
• Bisoprolol
• Metoprolol
• Propranolol
• Sotalol

What does paracetamol do?

Painkiller that also has an anti-pyretic effect

What combination is Domperamol?

Domperidone & Paracetamol

What combination is co-dydramol?

• Co-dydramol = (Dihydrocodeine & Paracetamol).

What are NSAIDS?

Anti-inflammatory painkillers that work by reducing prostaglandin levels)
often (but not always) either end with or contain the letters ‘‘fen’’ –

What do NSAIDs end in?

often (but not always) either end with or contain the letters ‘‘fen’’ –
• Aceclofenac
• Diclofenac
• Fenoprofen
• Flurbiprofen
• Ibuprofen
• Ketoprofen

What are Phenothiazines?

(anti-psychotic drugs developed in the 1950s to
treat schizophrenia but which are now also used to treat nausea and
vomiting) often end with the suffix ‘‘zine’’ –

What do Phenothiazines end in?

‘‘zine’’ –
• Levomepromazine
• Prochlorperazine
• Trifluoperazine

What are anti-histamines?

drugs used to treat allergic reactions that can
also be used as anti-emetics commonly end in ‘‘zine’’ –

What do anti-histamines end in?

commonly end in ‘‘zine’’ –
• Cinnarizine
• Cyclizine
• Promethazine



Note two important ‘‘zine’’ ending drugs that are not anti-emetics –
• Hydralazine (a vasodilator used to lower blood pressure).
• Mesalazine used in the
treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease).

What are 5HT3 antagonits?

(drugs used to treat severe nausea and vomiting)
end in ‘‘setron’’

What do 5HT3 antagonits end in?

‘‘setron’’ –
• Granisetron
• Ondansetron
• Tropisetron

What are H2 blockers?

drugs used to treat oesophageal reflux, dyspepsia and gastric ulcers

What do H2 blockers end in?

end with the suffix ‘‘idine’’ –
• Cimetidine
• Famotidine
• Nizatidine
• Ranitidine


Exceptions to the rule: –
Clonidine and Moxonidine (both atypical anti-hypertensive drugs) and
Chlorhexidine (an anti-septic solution).

What are Proton pump inhibitors or PPI?

Drugs used in the treatment
of or prevention of gastric ulcers end in ‘‘prazole’’ –

What do Proton pump inhibitors end in?

end in ‘‘prazole’’ –
• Lansoprazole
• Omeprazole
• Pantoprazole
• Rabeprazole

What to antibiotics end in?

tend to end with ‘‘cillin’’ or ‘‘cin’’ –
• Amoxycillin
• Ampicillin
• Flucloxacillin
• Penicillin • Amikacin
• Azithromycin Gentamicin
• Clarithromycin Erythromycin
• Gentamicin • Levofloxacin
• Vancomycin

What do Benzodiazepines do?

Benzodiazepines are drugs that have both
anxiolytic and hypnotic effects. Anxiolytics are drugs given to
reduce anxiety. Hypnotics are sedatives sometimes given to treat
insomnia

What do benzodiazepines end in?

Most benzodiazepines end with ‘‘zepam’’ –
• Clonazepam
• Diazepam
• Flurazepam
• Lorazepam
• Lormetazepam
• Nitrazepam
• Oxazepam
• Temazepam

What do Bisphosphonates do?

Drugs used to treat osteoporosis and to lower
elevated serum calcium levels. The drug inhibits bone re-absorption and
so both preserves bone density and prevents the release of excess
calcium into the bloodstream

What Bisphosphonates end in?

Bisphosphonates end with ‘‘dronate’’ –
• Alendronate
• Clodronate
• Etidronate
• Pamidronate
• Risidronate
• Zolendronate

What do Hypolipidaemic agents or Statins do?

Lower elevated serum cholesterol levels Most statins end with ‘‘vastatin’’ –


An exception to the rule: –
• Nystatin (an anti-fungal agent used to treat candidiasis).

What do Statins end in?

Most statins end with ‘‘vastatin’’ –
• Atorvastatin
• Fluvastatin
• Pravastatin
• Rosuvastatin
• Simvastatin

What do cholinergic drugs do?

Cholinergic drugs promote the action of the neurotransmitter acetyclcholline. Also called paracympathomimetic drugs- imitate the parasympathetic nerve stimulation.

How are cholingeric agonists usually administered?

Topically-eye drops


Orally


Subcut

How o cholingeric agonists affect the body?

Salivation


Bradycardia


dilation of blood vessels


constriction of the bronchioles


Increased activity GI tract


Increased tone ad contraction of the bladder muscle


Constriction of the pupils


What are cholingeric agonists used for?

Weak bladder and post op urine retention


Treat Gi disoders


Reduce eye pressure- glaucoma and eye surgery


Treat salivary gland problems

Sympathetic nervous system does what?

Flight or fight

Parasympathetic nervous system does what?



Enhances rest and digest activities. It supports functions that restore and reserve energy. A useful acronym is ‘SLUDD’ – increased SALIVATION…LACRIMATION…URINATION…DIGESTION…DEFEACATION And the 3 decreases HEART RATE, AIRWAYS, PUPILS.


Acronym SLUDD stands for?


Parasympathetic

increased SALIVATION…LACRIMATION…URINATION…DIGESTION…DEFEACATION

What hormones are released by the sympathetic nervous system?

Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Adrenaline (Epinephrine

What hormones are released by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Beta 1 found?

Cardiac tissue

Beta 2 found?

Dilation of bronchi and relaxation of uterine muscle

Where is alpha 1 found?

Found in blood vessels, the iris, the bladder and cause vasoconstriction, increasing peripheral resistance

Where is alpha 2 found?

Found at synaptic cleft, over stimulation causes decreased NA release

What does a Partial agonists do?

Stimulate's and block depending on for eg dose/duration of drug’s action. Not as effective


What are Adrenergic agents?

(A and B) –drugs that imitate noradrenaline and adrenaline (sympathomimetics)

What is Phenylephrine used for?

A- specific agonist used for colds- vasocontricts

What does Salmeterol do?

B specific agonist- Relaxes smooth muscle in lungs

Adrenergic agents what do they do?

inhibits effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline
A antagonists
Prazocin – specific A1
B antagonists
Propanolol – specific (although affects B1 and B2)

What should asthmatics not take?

Timolol - non-specific beta blocker used for glaucoma - it has killed asthmatics

Why should people with chest diesases- increased secretions not use cough suppressors

Prevents mucus from coming up, patients with increased secretions could develop infections.

What do Xanthine derivatives do?

Inhibits the breakdown of cAMP
Has similar effects as b agonists - bronchodilates- addictive


Drugs


theophylline


aminophylline

What does Sodium cromoglycate do?

Asthma- Inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators
Stabilises mast cell release
Plays no role in the management of the acute attack

What are Corticosteroids used for?

They are commonly prescribed to:

* help reduce inflammation (anti-inflammatory)
* suppress the immune system (immunosuppressant)
* replace hormones that are not being produced by the body due to a health condition (replacement therapy)

What do corticosteroids do?

Mechanism of action still being explored – thought to switch off genes that initiate inflammatory response


Bacteriocides (antibiotics) What do they do?

Kill bacteria-


Common ones


Penicillins
Benzylpenicillin
Cephalosporins
Cephalexin
Aminoglycosides
Gentamycin

What do Bacteriostats do?

Inhibit new growth


Sulphonamides
Sulfamethoxazole
Tetracyclines
Doxycycline
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Trimethoprim

What does Nystatin do?

kills yeast/fungi by increased wall permeability

Side effects of Salbutamol

tachycardia and agitation

Atrovent (ipratropium bromide) What is it used for?

Ipratropium blocks the muscarinic receptors in the lungs and therefore stops the action of acetylcholine on them. This allows the muscle around the airways to relax and the airways to open. This makes it easier for people with asthma or COPD to breathe.

Acetylcysteine when inhaled used for?

Thins and loosens mucus in the airways due to certain lung diseases. This effect helps you to clear the mucus from your lungs so that you can breath easier.

What are the side affects of acetylcysteine?

Nausea and vomiting may occur.


Mouth sores and runny nose

What is Carbocysteine used for?

Dietary management of patients with pulmonary oxidative stress, especially patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


It helps to increase antioxidants in the body.

What does Theophylline do?

Theophylline relaxes the air passages of the lungs to make breathing easier and to help prevent asthma attacks. It may also help to reduce inflammation in the airways.