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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Health is a state of complete ______, ______, and _______ well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1986).
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mental
social physical |
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Person is an _____, ________, or ______ who is a multidimensional being with intrinsic worth and free will.
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individual
family community |
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Nursing metaparadigm
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person, health, nursing, and environment (through education)
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Nursing
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the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness.
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Environment
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all internal and external variables that influence the health of persons.
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education
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life-long interactive process between educator and student including the acquisition and application of knowledge, skills, and understanding relative to nursing.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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1. physiological
2. safety 3. love and belongingness 4. esteem 5. self-actualization |
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Nursing roles
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care provider
care manager member of healthcare team educator |
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8 core components of nursing practice
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1. professional behaviors
2. communication 3. assessment 4. clinical decision making 5. caring interventions 6. teaching & learning 7. collaboration; and 8. managing care |
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The nurse assists persons to meet their needs through the interactive process and the application of the ______ _____.
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nursing
process |
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Who was the founder of modern nursing?
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Florence Nightingale
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When was the historical turning point of nursing?
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Crimean War (1853)
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What were Nightingale's 2 main foci?
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Sanitation
hygiene |
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Before Nightingale, nursing was closely associated with what other profession?
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prostitution
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Clara Barton founded ________.
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Red Cross (1881)
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Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802 - 1887)
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improved sanitarium conditions
Civil War Superintendent of Union Army Nurses |
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Henry Street Settlement (1893)
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1. opened by Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster
2. beginning of community nursing |
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Mary Mahoney
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1st professional black nurse (1905)
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Mildred Montag
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Founder of Associate Degree Program in nursing (1942)
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Mary Brewster
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opened Henry Street Settlement (1893) with Lillian Wald
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Linda Richards
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1st graduate of 1st nurse training program founded by Nightingale (1879)
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Florence Nightingale
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founder of modern nursing
lady with the lamp first to use EBP reformed hospitals and infirmaries & workhouses by implementing sanitation and hygienic procedures and standards |
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Societal influences on nursing
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demographics
women's health care issues human rights issues medically underserved populations threat of bioterrorism |
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2 health goals of Healthy People 2020 are ______ and _______.
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illness prevention
obesity prevention |
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Every healthcare encounter should be ________.
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educational
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The main nursing challenge is how to do ______ with _____.
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more
less |
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5 characteristics of nursing as a profession
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1. requires extended education
2. requires a body of knowledge 3. provides a specific service 4. has autonomy 5. incorporates a code of ethics |
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Scope and Standards of Practice
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GOAL OF NURSING: to improve health and well-being of persons through significant and visible contributions of registered nursing using standards-based practice (ANA, 2004)
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The Nursing Process
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continuous process of:
1. assessment 2. diagnosis 3. planning 4. implementation; and 5. evaluation (of client, not nurse!) |
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Code of Ethics: philosophical ideals of _____ and _____ that define principles of nursing.
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right
wrong |
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4 nursing ideals
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1. advocacy
2. accountability (for self and others you manage 3. responsibility 4. confidentiality |
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Ways to become RN
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ASN
BSN diploma |
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What can you do with MSN degree?
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nurse educator
nurse administrator Certified Nurse Specialist Advanced Practice Nurse CRNA |
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What are the 3 nursing doctoral programs?
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DSN
PhD DNP |
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T/F: Every state has its own nursing practice act.
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True
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The _________ is the nationwide licensing exam for RNs.
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NCLEX-RN
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What is the purpose for the state board of nursing?
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to protect the consumer (not the nurses!)
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The professional responsibility of nurses has changed over time. Used to be just to provide care and comfort. Now nurses are to provide care and comfort and emphasize _______ and _________.
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health promotion
disease prevention |
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Nursing roles:
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1. caregiver
2. educator 3. manager 4. advocate 5. communicator |
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Name 6 types of NP specialties
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1. Family
2. Women's Health 3. Pediatric 4. Neonatal 5. Acute 6. Geriatric |
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T/F: Nursing has been voted Most Trusted Profession in Gallup Poll every year.
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False: the year after 9/11, firefighters were most trusted. It's been nursing every other year.
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Name 4 professional nursing organizations
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1. National League for Nursing
2. American Nurses Association 3. International Council of Nursing 4. National Student Nurses Association |
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4 types of nursing theories
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1. grand (abstract)
2. middle-range (more limited) 3. descriptive (cause & effect) 4. prescriptive (actual consequences) |
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4 types of interdisciplinary theories
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1. basic human needs (Maslow)
2. developmental theories (Erikson) 3. psychosocial theories 4. systems theories (open or closed) |
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What is a closed system?
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limited to the individual
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What is an open system?
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individual + environment
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8 stages of Erikson's theory of development
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1. infant (trust v. mistrust)
2. toddler (autonomy v. shame & doubt) 3. pre-schooler (initiative v. guilt) 4. school age (industry v. inferiority) 5. adolescent (identity v. role confusion) 6. young adult (intimacy v. isolation) 7. middle-age adult (generativity v. stagnation) 8. older adult (integrity v. despair) |
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Psychosocial & Developmental Theories
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Freud (psychosexual development)
Piaget (cognitive development) |
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5 stages of Freud's developmental theory
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1. oral
2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital |
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Piaget's cognitive stages
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1. sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
2. preoperational (2-7 yrs) 3. concrete (7-12 yrs) 4. formal operations (12+ yrs) |
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Components of Systems Theories
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1. input
2. system 3. output 4. feedback |
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NURSING THEORY:
Nightingale (1860) |
body repair through manipulation of environment
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NURSING THEORY:
Peplau (1952) |
significance of nurse/patient relationship
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NURSING THEORY:
Henderson (1955) |
14 principles of nursing care (revised & more detailed than Nightingale's theory)
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NURSING THEORY:
Rogers (1970) |
maintain and promote health & prevent illness
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NURSING THEORY:
Orem (1971) |
client self-care
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NURSING THEORY:
Neuman (1972) |
systems model: attaining & maintaining maximal level of wellness and reduce stresses
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NURSING THEORY:
Leininger (1978) |
transcultural caring
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NURSING THEORY:
Watson (1979) |
philosophy & science of caring
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NURSING THEORY:
Roy (1979) |
adaptation model: help client assess and adapt to stressors
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7 aspects of environment which Nightingale (1860) said could be manipulated to promote health
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1. noise
2. light 3. sanitation 4. hygiene 5. comfort 6. socialization 7. hope |
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14 basic principles of nursing care according to Henderson (1955)
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1. breathing normally
2. eating and drinking adequately 3. body waste elimination 4. moving & positioning 5. sleeping & resting 6. suitable clothing 7. maintaining proper body temp 8. skin care 9. avoiding environmental dangers to client and others 10. communicating with others 11. worshipping according to one's faith 12. work resulting in sense of accomplishment 13. recreation 14. learning |
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Goal of nursing according to Orem (1971)
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for client to attain total self-care
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NURSING THEORY:
Jean Watson (1979) |
carative v. curative
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NURSING THEORY:
Sister Callista Roy (1979) |
adaptation model of nursing - nursing care needed when individual can't adapt to internal and external environmental demands
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The relationship between _____ and _____ builds nursing's knowledge base.
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theory
research |
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Traditional clinical decisions based on _______, ________ and _________.
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formal education (changes over time)
experience (varies by the individual) policies & procedures (may not be up to date) |
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______ enable clinicians to provide the highest quality of care.
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EBP
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Key areas of current health care research
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chronic illness
quality & cost-effective care health promotion disease prevention symptom mgt adaptation to new techniques health disparities end-of-life palliative care |
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Clinical Knowledge Gaps
lots of research opportunities! |
diagnosis
prognosis therapy prevention education |
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What does PDSA stand for?
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Plan
Do Study Act |
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Steps to EBP
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1. ask the question
2. collect evidence 3. analyze 4. implement intervention 5. evaluate practice decision |
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What's PICO?
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how to ask the question in EBP:
P = population of interest I = intervention of interest C = comparison of interest O - outcome |
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Evidence sources
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policy & procedure manuals
quality improvement data clinical practice guidelines bibliographical databases |
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Where to find the literature?
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AHRQ
CINAHL MEDLINE Cochran Database of Systematic Reviews National Guidelines Clearinghouse PubMed |
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How to critique the evidence?
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evaluate its value, feasibility & utility
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Must have ______ consent to conduct patient research.
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informed
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Clinical trials do not employ ________ anymore.
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placebo
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Research is either ______ or _______.
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qualitative
quantitative |
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How to integrate the evidence?
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practice guidelines
policies & procedures staff support pilot studies teaching tools assessment tools documentation tools |
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Components of RCT (randomized control trials)
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research question
subjects randomization treatment group control group outcome measure analysis |
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What's the purpose of randomization in trials?
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to eliminate bias
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How to evaluate the practice decision?
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collect data to determine whether:
1. practice worked 2. practice was effective 3. practice worked for the client or the situation |
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Which of the following is the first step of the research process?
a. analyze data b. identify problem c. conduct study d. use the findings |
b. identify problem
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Every health care organization gathers data on health outcomes. Examples of data include:
a. discharges b. medications administered c. healthy births d. infection rates |
d. infection rates
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3 levels of critical thinking
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1. basic
2. complex 3. commitment |
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Basic level of critical thinking
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1. accepts opinions of experts
2. more worried about performing the intervention correctly than about the client's comfort |
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Complex level of critical thinking
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student begins to analyze and examine choices more independently
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Commitment level of critical thinking
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1. anticipate the need to make choices without assistance from others
2. accept accountability for every decision made. |
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paradigm
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links science, philosophy and theories accepted and applied by the discipline
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nursing paradigm
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elements directing activity of nursing profession:
1. person 2. health 3. environment 4. nursing |
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person
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recipient of nursing care
1. individual 2. family 3. community |
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health
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1. depends on client, clinical setting, and health care profession
2. dynamic and continuously changing |
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domain
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the perspective of a profession
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environment/situation
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all possible conditions affecting client and setting in which health care needs occur
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There's a continuous interaction between the client and the _________.
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environment
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nursing
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diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems
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Nurses uses critical thinking skills to integrate what 4 things into each client's plan of care.
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1. knowledge
2. experience 3. attitudes 4. standards |
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theories
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designed to explain a phenomenon
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nursing theory
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conceptualization of some aspect of nursing communicated for purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, prescribing nursing care
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Nursing is a ______, _______, and ________.
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learned profession
a science an art |
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5 components of Swanson's theory of caring
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1. knowing
2. being with 3. doing for 4. enabling 5. maintaining belief |
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phenomenon
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an aspect of reality that people consciously sense or experience
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assumptions
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"taken for granted" statements that explain the nature of the concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory
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Why is the general purpose of a theory important?
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purpose specifies the context and situation in which the theory applies
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input
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data/info that comes from client's assessment
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output
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end product of a system - whether client's health status improves as a result of nursing care
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feedback
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informs system about how it functions.
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evidence based practice (EBP)
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problem-solving approach to clinical practice that integrates conscientious use of best evidence in combination with clinician's expertise and values in making decisions about client care
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EBP is a response to _________.
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the broad societal forces with which nurses must contend
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EBP is a guide for nurses to structure how to make accurate, timely, and appropriate ______.
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clinical decisions
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clinical guidelines
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systematically developed statements about a plan of care for a specific set of clinical circumstances involving a specific client population
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National Guidelines Clearinghouse
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invaluable when developing a plan of care for a client
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nursing research
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a way to
1. identify new knowledge, 2. improve professional education and practice, and 3. use resources effectively |
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nursing-sensitive outcomes
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outcomes which are sensitive to nursing practice
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performance measurement
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what an organization does and how well it does it
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performance improvement (PI)
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organization evaluates and analyzes current performance to use results to develop focused improvement actions
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