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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
agnosia
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loss of ability to recognize importance of sensory impressions
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agraphia
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loss of ability to express thoughts in writing
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amnesia
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loss of memory
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analgesia
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loss of pain sensation
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aphasia
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loss of power of expressions by speech writing or signs, or of comprehension of spoken or written language
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apraxia
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loss of ability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motory damage: inability to use objects correctly
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ataxia
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inability to perform coordinated movements
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athetosis
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bizzarre, slow, twisting, writhing movements, resembling snake or worm
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chorea
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sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk or face
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clonus
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rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch
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coma
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state of profound unconsciousness from which person cannot be aroused
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decerebrate rigidity
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arms stiffly extended, adducted, internal rotated: legs stiffly extended plantar flexed
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decorticate rigidity
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arms adducted and flexed, wriste and fingers flexed: legs extended, internally rotated, plantar flexed
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dysarthia
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imperfect articulation of speech due to problems of muscular controcl resulting from central or peripheral nervous system damage
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dysphasia
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impairment in speech consisting of lack of coordination and inability to arrange words in their proper order
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extinction
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dissapearance of conditioned response
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fasciculation
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rapid continous twitching of resting muscle without movement of limb
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flaccidity
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loss of muscle tone, limp
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graphesthesia
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ability to read a number by having it traced on the skin
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hemiplegia
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loss of motor power on one side of the body, usually caused by a cerebrovascular accident; paralysis occurs on the side opposite the lesion
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lower motor neuron
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motorn neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system
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myclonus
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rapid sudden jerk of muscle
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nuchal rigidity
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stiffness in cervical neck area
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nystagmus
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back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes
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opisthotonos
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prolonged arching of back, with head and heels bent backward, and meningeal irritation
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paralysis
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decreased or loss of motor function due to problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers
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paraplegia
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impairment or loss of motor and/or sensory fuction in the lower half of the body
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation i.e. burning numbness, tingling, prickling, crawling skin sensation
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point localization
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ability of the person to discriminate exactly where on the body the skin is being touched
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proprioception
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sensory information concerning body movements and position of the body in space
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spasticity
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continous resistance to stretching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension with increased deep tendon reflexes
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stereognosis
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ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, size, and weight while the eyes are closed
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Tic
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repetitive twitching of muscle group at inappropriate times, wink, grimace
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tremor
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involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups resulting in rhythmic movement of one or more joints
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two point discrimination
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ability to distinguish the seperation of two simultaneous pinpricks on the skin
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upper motor neuron
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nerve located entirely without the central nervous system
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CNS includes?
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brain and spinal cord;
CNS from EFFERENT fibers to the motor. |
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PNS includes?
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12 Cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all their branches; AFFERENT fibers to CNS.
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Cerebral Cortex is..
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center for humans highest function, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation and voluntary movement.
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Hemisphere
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Cerebrum in two halves. Left and Right Hemisphere.95% of people are Left Hemisphere.
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4 Lobes
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Each hemisphere broken up to 4 lobes. Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal.
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Frontal
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Personality, behavior, emotion, intellectual functions. If damaged, Broca's area=expressive aphasia(person understands language but can't talk or garbled speech)
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Parietal
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Sensation.
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Occipital
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Visual Receptor
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Temporal
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Primary auditory reception center.If damage, Wernicke's area=receptive aphasia(person hears sound, but has no meaning like foreign language)
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Damage occurs in specific cortical areas produces..
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loss of function in motor weakness, paralysis, loss of sensation, impaired ability to understand and process language.Neurological cells are deprived of their blood supply or when artery occlusions or vascular bleeding.
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Basal Ganglia function
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Control autonomic movements of the body; arms swing while alternating with legs during walking
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Thalamus function
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Main relay station for CNS. Pathways of spinal cord and brain stem form SYNAPSES on to Cerabral Cortex
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Hypothalamus function
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Major control center; T, HR, BP control, sleep, anterior/posterior pituitary gland regulator, autonomic nervous system activity and emo status
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Cerebellum function
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located under occipital lobe; motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone. "automatic pilot"= does not initiate but coordinates it i.e. playing piano
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Brain stem function
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Central core of the brain. 3 areas Midbrain, pons, medulla
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Midbrain function
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aterior part of brain, merges into thalamus and hypothalamus.
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Pons
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contain ascending and desceding fibers
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medulla function
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continuation of spinal cord to brain. Vital autonomic centers: Respiratory, heart, GI function, nuclei for CN VIII through XII. Pyrimidal decussation occurs-cross of motor fibers.
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Spinal Cord function
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medulla to lumbar vertebrae L1-L2. Main highway for Ascending and descending fibers that connect brain and cord, also mediates reflexes.
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spinothalamic tract contains sensory fibers that transmit?
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sensation of pain, temp, and crude/light touch.
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Crossed representation?
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LEFT cerebral cortex receieve sensory info. & control motor function to the RIGHT side of the body. (Inverse relation)
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Common sensory pathway?
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*Sensation > afferent fibers > peripheral nerve > dorsal root > spinal cord > can go to 2 routes; spinothalmic tract or Dorsal Columns.
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Spinothalamic route
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from dorsal root of spinal cord > 2ndary neuron > cross opposite side > ascend up to spinothalamic tract (lateral-pain/temp)(anterior-crude touch) > thalamus > Parietal lobe.
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posterior (dorsal) columns
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fibers conduct the sensations of position, vibration, and finely localized touch.
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What are the 4 types of reflexes?
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1. deep tendon reflex(myotatic)e.g. patellar or knee jerk
2. superficial e.g. corneal reflex, abd flex 3. visceral (organic) e.g. pupillary response to light and accomodation 4. pathologic (Abnormal) e.g. babinski or extensor plantar reflex. |
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What are the 5 components of deep tendon reflex(myotatic)?
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1. intact sensory nerve(afferent)
2. functional synapse in the cord 3. intact motor nerve fiber(efferent) 4. neuromuscular junction 5. components of muscles |
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Where does the 12 cranial nerves travel and an exception of one nerve?
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Travel to heart, respiratory muscles, stomach and gallbladder, except one nerve, Vagus nerve,known was the "vagabond"
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Spinal nerves.How many? and what are the regions?
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31 pairs.
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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somatic fibers innvervate?
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skeletal/voluntary muscles
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autonomic fibers innervate?
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smooth/involuntary muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
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dsykinesias
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muscle tremors in hands, head and jaw, along with possible facial grimacing d/t AGING.
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Dermatome
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circumscribed skin area that is applied mainly from one spinal cord segment through particular spinal nerve.
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Dermal segmentation
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cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves.
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Dermatome landmark of thumb, middle finger and 5th finger?
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c6-thumb
c7- middle finger c8-5th finger |
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dermatome landmark of axilla?
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T1
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dermatome landmark of nipple?
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T4
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dermatome landmark of umbilicus?
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T10
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dermatome landmark of groin?
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L1
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dermatome landmark of knee?
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L4
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CN I
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Olfactory nerve, sensory, smelll
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CN II
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Optic, sensory, vision
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CN III
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oculomotor, mixed, motor & parasympathetic
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CN IV
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Trochlear, motor, down/inward movement of eye
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CN V
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Trigeminal, mixed, motor-mastication muscle
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CN VI
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Abducens, Motor, Lateral movement of eye
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CN VII
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Facial, Mixed, Motor & Sensory
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CN VIII
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Acoustic, Sensory, Hearing & Sensory
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CN IX
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Glossopharyngeal, mixed, motor & sensory & parasymphatetic
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CN X
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Vagus, mixed, motor & sensory & parasympathetic
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CN XI
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Spinal, motor, movement of trapezius and sternomastoid muscles
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CN XII
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Hypoglossal, motor, Movement of tongue
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By the age of 80 how many percent has the brain decreased by?
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the brain decreases 15% in weight by age 80 due to loss of neurons.
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Due to neuron loss, what signs would someone over 65 years of age show that is normal for a younger adult?
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1. loss of muscle bulk
2. loss of muscle tone in the face 3. loss of muscle tone in the neck 4. loss of muscle tone around the spine 5. decreased in muscle strenght 6. impaired fine coordination and agility 7. loss of vibratory sense at ankle 8. absent of achilles reflex 9. loss of position sense of big toe 10. pupillary miosis decrease 11. irregular pupil shape 12. decrease pupillary reflex |
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dyskinesias
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repetitive facial grimacing
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In aging a decrease in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption can cause?
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decrease blood flow can cause dizziness/loss of balance/positioning.
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seizures occur with..?
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occurs with epilepsy(a paroxysmal disease characterized by altered or loss of consciousness, involuntary muscle movements, and sensory disturbance
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Aura define?
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a subjective sensation that precedes a seizure; it could be auditory, visual, motor
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what are tremors?
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an involuntary shaking, vibrating, or trembling
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what are paresis?
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partial or incomplete paralysis
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what are paralysis?
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loss of motor function due to a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innvervations
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What are dysmetria?
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inability to control range of motion of muscles
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What are parathesia?
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abnormal sensation e.g. burning, tingling
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Why do older adults have a increase of falling?
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with a diminished blood flow and diminished vestibular response may stagger with position change and can lead to falls.
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micturition syncope define?
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temporary loss of conciousness upon urinating.
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senile tremor
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a tremor occur with older people and can be relieved by alcohol, although not recommended.
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romberg test description
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ask person to close eyes and to hold the position. wait about 20 seconds.
a positive test indicates loss of balance, you eliminate the advantage of orientation with eyes. Occurs with people with cerebellar ataxia( multiple sclerosis, alcohol intoxication), loss of proprioception, and loss of vestibular function. |