Nursing 1St Semester: Pharm Final

Front 1

Antibiotics work 4 ways:

Back 1

interfere with cell wall synthesis
interfere with protein synthesis
interfere with replicatioin of DNA and RNA
antimetabolite action that disrupts critical metabolic reactions inside the cell

Front 2

An infection that occurs when the person being treated for another infection and results from overgrowth of an organism that is not susceptible to the antibiotic used

Back 2

superinfection

Front 3

When does an emerging infection occur?

Back 3

drug-resistant bacteria cause new infectios diseases. This can be caused by inappropriat antibiotic prescribing or patients who don't finish their course of antibiotics as prescribed.

Front 4

2 emerging infections that are very resistant

Back 4

MRSA and VRE

Front 5

2 most common classes of antibiotics that cause anaphylaxis are

Back 5

penicillins and sulfonamides

Front 6

Therapeutic drug monitoring involves an ongoing process of measuring....

Back 6

the plasma drug concentration to find our if the dose is within the therapeutic range to be effective

Front 7

What is the name of the antibiotic description that refers to antibiotics that work only if given over a long enough time period

Back 7

time dependent killing

Front 8

What antibiotic description involves checking the concentration levels of drugs in the bloodstream?

Back 8

concentration dependent killing

Front 9

what is the most important parameter and is drawn immediately before next dose before giving antibiotic

Back 9

trough

Front 10

how often are trough levels measured

Back 10

every 3 days

Front 11

If trough is too high, what can happen?

Back 11

ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

Front 12

Beta Lactam drugs include what 2 drugs

Back 12

cephalosporings and penicillins

Front 13

what do the beta lactam drugs do

Back 13

they have beta lactamase inhibitors, so they inhibit the enzyme that bacteria can produce that break down the bonds of the antibiotic

Front 14

what is the MIC

Back 14

minimum inhibitory concentration--- the lowest drug concentration needed to be effective

Front 15

True or false: Penicillins should be given with fruit juice.

Back 15

False, give with water

Front 16

Penicillins include what 3 types

Back 16

Penicillin G & V
Nafcillin
Amoxicillin

Front 17

Penicillins are effective against gram ____ microorganisms and are bacteriicidal.

Back 17

positive

Front 18

Cephalosporins are effective against _____________.

Back 18

gram positive & gram negative.

Front 19

True or falce: cephalosporins are bactericidal and broad spectrum.

Back 19

true.

Front 20

Augmentin is amoxycllin with ___ acid added.

Back 20

clauvulanic

Front 21

Penicillins were introduced accidentally during World War II and are are derived from ____ _____ seen on bread and fruit.

Back 21

mold fungus

Front 22

Are life threatening allergic reactions to penicllin common or uncommon?

Back 22

uncommon, 1 in 32,000

Front 23

What 2 types of meds interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Back 23

penicillin & cephalosporins

Front 24

which antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis?

Back 24

macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides

Front 25

which antibiotic interferes with DNA and RNA replication?

Back 25

fluoroquinolones

Front 26

which antibiotic is an antimetabolite which disrupts the metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell

Back 26

sulfonamides

Front 27

1st generation cephalosporins are effective against _______ and an example is ________
bacteriocidal or static?

Back 27

gram positive,
cefazolin (Ancef)

bactericidal

Front 28

2nd generation cephalosporins are effective against _______ and an example is ________.
bacteriocidal or static?

Back 28

gram positve and better gram negative effecticeness than 1st generation.
cefoxitin (Meforxin)
bactericidal

Front 29

3rd generation cephalosporins are effective against _______ and an example is ________.

Back 29

most potent gram negative, less active against gram positive
ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

Front 30

4thgeneration cephalosporins are effective against _______ and an example is ________.

Back 30

broader spectrum than 3rd, especially against gram positive
cefepime (Maxipime)

Front 31

which med is the most common prophylactic antibiotic, especially in orthopedic surgeries?

Back 31

cefazolin (Ancef)

Front 32

Which is a common prophylactic antibiotic in abdominal surgeries especially involving the uterus and intestines?

Back 32

cefoxitin (Mefoxin)

Front 33

Are Macrolides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Back 33

bactericidal

Front 34

True or false: macrolides are broad spectrum antibiotics

Back 34

true

Front 35

True or false: tetracyclines are broad spectum

Back 35

true

Front 36

Are tetracyclines bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic

Back 36

bacteriostatic

Front 37

What are aminoglycosides effective against?

Back 37

specific gram positive and serious gram negative

Front 38

Which antibiotics are known to reduce the effects or contraceptives?

Back 38

macrolides such as Zithromax, and sulfonamides such as Bactrim

Front 39

Third generation cephalosporins can treat ____ infections athat are traditionally very difficult to cure.

Back 39

pseduomonas

Front 40

Which type of antibiotic should patients be careful about alcohol consumption?

Back 40

cephalosporins

Front 41

Macrolides are especially effective against 3 things...

Back 41

listeria, chlamydia, legionella

Front 42

listeria, chlamydia, legionella reproduce inside the host cells not just in the ______

Back 42

bloodstream

Front 43

Taking macrolide antibiotics can cause ______. Symptoms include severe bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. This is a highly contagious form of diarrhea

Back 43

pseudo membraneous colitis

Front 44

2 drugs that need to be monitored with macrolides are ___ and ____

Back 44

coumadin and digoxin

Front 45

Macrolides end in what suffix?

Back 45

MYCIN

Front 46

Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis, shutting down the essential functions of growth and repair inside the baceria so they die. This class of antibiotics should not be given to children younger than ___ because it can cause discoloration of teeth.

Back 46

8

Front 47

Should tetracyclines be given to pregnant women? why or why not?

Back 47

No. Can retard fetal skeletal development.

Front 48

True or false: tetracyclines should NOT be given with milk, antacids, or iron.

Back 48

False, because they decrease absorption of the drug.

Front 49

Tetracyclines can also cause ______ so they should avoid sun exposure.

Back 49

phototoxicity.

Front 50

Aminoglycosides are very potent antibioitcs that are also capable to causing serious toxicities to kidneys and can cause hearing loss or deafness. If taken by pregnant women, it can cause...

Back 50

total irreversible bilateral deafness to fetus. Also the aminoglycosides should not be given to nursing mothers.

Front 51

Aminoglycosides must have a trough level taken every ___ days to limit potential toxicities and permanent damage.

Back 51

3

Front 52

True or False: aminoglycosides should be taken for as long as possible.

Back 52

false, shortest time possible

Front 53

Fluoroquinolones are effective against gram postive and gram negative, but they can cause.....

Back 53

candida

Front 54

Patients taking fluoroquinolones should take calium supplements at least ____ hour before taking the drug.

Back 54

1

Front 55

Fluoroquinolones can cause cardiac effects such as prolonging the ____ interval.

Back 55

QT

Front 56

fluoroquinolones end in ____-

Back 56

FLOXACIN

Front 57

Patients allergic to sulfonaureas should not take ____

Back 57

sulfonamides.

Front 58

What is the most common adverse effect of sulfonamides?

Back 58

rash

Front 59

what is the drug of choice to treat anthrax

Back 59

fluoroquinolones

Front 60

It is essential to force ___ to patients taking sulfonamides.

Back 60

fluids, up to 3000 per day

Front 61

It is important for diabetics taking sulfonamides with sulfonylureas to know what?

Back 61

hypoglycemic effect is increased

Front 62

Patients taking sulfonamides also need to be careful about taking coumadin because the ______ effect is increased which can lead to hemorrhage.

Back 62

anticoagulant

Front 63

Zyvoc is a miscellaneous antibioitc that is effective against 3 things:

Back 63

VRE, MRSA, and hospital acquired PNA

Front 64

Zyvox can cause a decrease in _____.

Back 64

platelets.

Front 65

Vancomycin is a potent antibiotic that is the drug of choice against _____. It is also very effective against __ _______

Back 65

MRSA, C Dif

Front 66

Vancomycin can cause flushing and redness to the head, face, neck, and upper trunk, known as ____ ___ ____. How can this be prevented?

Back 66

Red Man Syndrome.
slowing IV rate to at least 1 hr

Front 67

Viruses enter by 4 routes:

Back 67

respiratory tract
GI tract
transplacentally
skin/mucous membranes

Front 68

There may already be millions of infected cells due to a virus before _____ develop.

Back 68

symptoms

Front 69

True or false: antivirals should be given late at night.

Back 69

false, daytime because they cause insomnia.

Front 70

Oral and IV antifungals can cause hepatic toxicity. What test should be done before administration?

Back 70

liver function test

Front 71

S/S of liver toxicity

Back 71

jaundice, dark orange urine, pale stool

Front 72

Antiseptic should never be used on intact skin because....

Back 72

inhibits healing process

Front 73

Causes of iron deficiency anemia includeL

Back 73

blood loss from surgery, childbirth, GI bleed, hemorrhoids

Front 74

____ is the most common cause of pediatric poisoning deaths because it looks like candy.

Back 74

Iron

Front 75

Food sources of iron:

Back 75

meat, grains, dark green leafy vegetables, eggs, dried beans

Front 76

True or false: patients taking IV iron should lay down for 15 minutes

Back 76

false, 30 minutes

Front 77

True or false: Patients taking PO iron should lay down for 30 minutes.

Back 77

False, sit up

Front 78

Iron given IM should be given deep into large muscles using what method?

Back 78

z-track

Front 79

Patients should be warned that iron can cause black ___.

Back 79

stool

Front 80

Folic acid is necessary for production of _____

Back 80

RBC's

Front 81

Folic acid is also given prophylactically to pregnant mothers ___ month before pregnancy and then throughout pregnancy

Back 81

1 month

Front 82

Folic acid during pregnancy prevents....

Back 82

neural tube defects to fetus

Front 83

Good food sources of folic acid include:

Back 83

dried beans, peas, oranges, green vegetables