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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are some functions of body fluid?
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transport medium of nutrients, O2, to cells and waste away from cells; lubricates joints and eyes, temperature regulation, protective cushion (CSF), solvent, and a reactant
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body fat + age =
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total body water (TBW), more fat equals less TBW
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what are the 2 major fluid compartments?
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intracellular, extracellular
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fluid with in cells cytosol
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is intracellular
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fluid found outside the cells
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is extracellular
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what are some kinds of extracellular fluid?
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interstitial, plasma, CSF, lymph, synovial
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what percent of body weight is ICF?
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40%
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what percent of body weight is ECF?
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20% with 15% being interstitial, and 5% being intervascular
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what is the volume of ICF?
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28 L
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what is the volume of ECF?
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14 L with 11 as interstitial, and 3 as intervascular
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how much body weight is fluid?
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2/3
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sodium, potassium, calcium, and sodium, and magnesium are what kind of ions?
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cations that are positively charged
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bicarb, Cl, phosphate, Sulfate, proteinate, and organic acid are what kind of ions?
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anions that are negatively charged
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gastric secretions contain high concentrations of what?
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hydrogen ions (H+)
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pancreatic secretions contain high concentrations of what?
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bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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bile, gastric and pancreatic secretions of what?
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sodium (Na+)
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what are some functions of electrolytes?
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promotion of neuromuscular irritability
maintenance of body fluid osmolality regulation of acid-base balance regulation of distribution of body fluids among the body fluid compartments |
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what is an example of active-transport?
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sodium-potassium pump
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what are examples of passive transport?
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osmosis
diffusion filtration |
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what is a solute?
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substance that is dissolved in a solution
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what is a solvent?
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substance (fluid) that dissolves the solute
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what is isotonic solution?
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same as body fluid
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what is hypotonic solution?
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less sodium than normal body fluid
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what is hypertonic solution?
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more sodium than normal body fluid
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the number of osmols (the standard unit of measure) per liter of solution is referred to as what?
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osmolality
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what is the rate of diffusion determined by?
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size of the molecule
concentration temperature |
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what is diffusion?
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diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until the concentration is equal on both sides
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the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration using membrane proteins acting as carrier molecules is referred to as what?
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facilitated diffusion
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what is filtration?
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an area of higher pressure to low pressure (water and dissolved substances)
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this type of pressure is produced by pumping action of the heart, pushing extra water out within a closed system
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hydrostatic pressure
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what is oncotic pressure?
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keeping the extra fluid in vascular space
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what is active transport?
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moves solutes from low concentration to high concentration
is a chemical activity that uses energy for carrier mediated transport mechanism moves against concentration gradient |
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where is fluid normally lost from?
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skin, GI tract, kidneys, and lungs
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how much fluid do we get from food?
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1000 mL
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how much fluid is gained from oxidation?
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300 mL
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how much fluid do we gain from water consumption?
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1200 mL
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how much water is lost through the skin?
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500 mL
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how much water is lost through the lungs?
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350 mL
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how much water is lost through the feces?
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150 mL
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how much water is lost through the kidneys?
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1500 mL
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what is sensible loss?
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losses that can be measured (urine output)
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what is insensible loss?
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losses that cannot be measured (sweat and respiration)
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what is abnormal loss?
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loss that occurs during illness or injury (vomiting or diarrhea, burns, wound drainage, hemorrhage, abscess)
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example of imbalances that occur when gains are greater than losses
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CHF, kidney failure, fluid overload
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What hormone causes the kidneys to hold on to fluids triggered by pressure sensors in vascular system and kidneys?
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antidiuretic hormone (pituitary gland)
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What hormone controls amount of sodium and K+ the body holds?
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Aldosterone (adrenal cortex) where sodium goes, so does water
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What hormone regulates metabolic rate, cardiac output?
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Thyroid hormone (thyroid)
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What is hypovolemia?
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fluid volume deficit (abnormal losses of body fluids)
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What is hypervolemia?
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fluid volume excess
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What are some causes of hypovolemia?
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hemorrhage, GI losses, diuretic use, inadequate fluid intake, third spacing
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How do you treat hypovolemia?
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correct underlying cause and replace water and electrolytes
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What is the fluid requirements for a newborn?
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50-300ml/day
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What is the fluid requirements for an infant?
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350--550ml/day
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What is the fluid requirements for a child?
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500-1000ml
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What is the fluid requirements for an adolescent?
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700-1400ml/day
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What are some symptoms of dehydration?
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rapid pulse and respirations, dry mucus membrane, sunken fontanel, sunken and soft eyes, poor skin turgor, absent tearing and salivation, irritable, lethargic, comatose, and convulsions, body weight losses-5% mild, 6-10% moderate, >10% severe
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What are some causes of hypervolemia?
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excessive fluid intake, heart or renal failure, Cushings, corticosteroid use, SAIDH
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How do you treat hypervolemia?
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correct underlying cause. Remove fluid without compromising electrolyte balance or ECF osmolality
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How much of body water is intracellular?
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3/4
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How much of body water is extracellular?
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1/4
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What is the most abundant electrolyte and cation in the body?
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sodium
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What is the purpose of electrolytes?
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1. Maintaining fluid balance
2. contributing to acid-base regulation 3. Facilitating enzyme reaction 4. Neuromuscular reactions |
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Same electrolytes in ICF as in ECF, we always measure the extracellular space
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info
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How does sodium affect neurologic function?
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impulse transmission for nerves and fibers
normal is 135-145 120-seizures below 100 permanent damage |
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What is the DRI of sodium?
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1500
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What is the most common type of hyponatremia?
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Dilutional
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What causes dilutional hyponatremia?
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excessive fluid intake
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what are symptoms and treatment of dilutional hyponatremia?
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s/s: confusion and edema
treatment: decrease fluid intake |
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what is true hyponatremia?
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from fluid and sodium loss
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what are symptoms and treatment of true hyponatremia?
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s/s: dry tissue
treatment: replace sodium and water |
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what is the first sign of hyponatremia?
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confusion
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what are some s/s of hyponatremia?
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HA, anxiety, impending doom, postural hypotension
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what is the most common cause of hypernatremia?
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loss of fluid without loss of sodium, excessive sodium intake, not enough water intake, may occur with full strength protein tube feedings
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what are common s/s of hypernatremia? (SALT)
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Skin flushed
Agitation Low grade fever Thirst |
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what is the normal level of potassium?
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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what does an increased potassium level cause?
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muscle spasms
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how does potassium affect the muscles?
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increases irritation of heart, diaphragm, GI tract, and skeletal muscle
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how much potassium should we ingest daily?
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40 mEq
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where is potassium absorbed?
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in the GI tract
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how much potassium is excreted by the kidneys?
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80%
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what are some symptoms of hypokalemia?
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cardiac changes, muscle flaccidity, starts in the legs
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what are some causes of hypokalemia?
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prolonged v/d, deficient intake, diuretics, laxatives, malnutrition, surgery
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What causes hyperkalemia?
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cell wall destruction, increased intake, renal failure, burns, surgery, and chemotherapy
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What are some symptoms of hyperkalemia?
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irritable muscles
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How do you treat hyperkalemia?
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diuretics, kayexalate, calcium gluconate, insulin, hemodialysis
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What does calcium do in the body?
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regulates muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve impulse transmission, and it's necessary for coagulation, aids in the absorption and utilization of B12
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What effect does calcium have on nerve cells?
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sedative effect
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what regulates calcium levels in the body?
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parathyroid, calcitonin, vitamin D is needed for absorption,
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What increases calcium levels in blood?
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increased bone resorption
increase GI and renal absorption |
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What decreases calcium levels in blood?
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increasing Ca deposits into bone
decreasing GI absorption increasing renal excretion |