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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nursing Profession
What is the NLN? |
Nursing organization open to anyone interested in the field
Provides voluntary accredidation for educational programs in nursing Sponsors continuing Ed credits Primary source of research data about nursing education |
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Nursing Profession
What is the ANA? |
ANA is the American Nurses Association
Only for Nurses/LPN/AN Establishes Standard in nursing Encourages research to advance nursing education Represents nursing in the Law Supports NSNA=National Student Nurses Association |
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Legal issues
What are the six areas of negligence? |
Failure to follow stardard of care
Failure to use equipment in a responsible way Failure to communicate Failure to document Failure to assess and monitor Failure to act as a patient advocate |
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Legal Issues
What is nonmalefience? |
It is the duty to do no harm
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Legal issues
What is the student nurse responsible for? |
they are responsible for their own actions and liable for their own acts of negligence during their clinical experiences. They are held to the same standards of skill and competence as a regerstered nurse
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Vital Signs
When taking a rectal temperature the patient will experiance tachycardia or bradycardia? |
Bradycardia
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Intro to Nursing
Clara Barton was..... |
Red Cross founder/Self-educated
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Intro to Nursing
The dark ages of nursing were... |
16th century to 1850
It was the decline in Religious orders Siri Gamp character in Dickens Novel |
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Intro to Nursing
Margaret Sanger was.... |
individual who was considered the mother of Birth Control. She had the first birth control clinic in NYC 1916
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Intro to nursing
Definition of Nursing from the ANA 1995 |
holistic
what we see, what we hear and what the patient telss us application of scientific knowledge acknolwledges scientific research for it to be a profession acknowledges caring |
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Into to nursing
What is the aim and scope of Nursing? |
education
caregiver researcher patient advocate counselor communicator |
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Legal issues
What 4 things prove malpractice? |
Duty
Breech of Duty Causation (caused injury) Harm resulted |
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Legal issues
What are ethics? What are values? |
Ethics are society standards
Values are your own personal beliefs |
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Nursing Profession
What is the NLN? |
Nursing organization open to anyone interested in the field
Provides voluntary accredidation for educational programs in nursing Sponsors continuing Ed credits Primary source of research data about nursing education |
|
Nursing Profession
What is the ANA? |
ANA is the American Nurses Association
Only for Nurses/LPN/AN Establishes Standard in nursing Encourages research to advance nursing education Represents nursing in the Law Supports NSNA=National Student Nurses Association |
|
Legal issues
What are the six areas of negligence? |
Failure to follow stardard of care
Failure to use equipment in a responsible way Failure to communicate Failure to document Failure to assess and monitor Failure to act as a patient advocate |
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Legal Issues
What is nonmalefience? |
It is the duty to do no harm
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Legal issues
What is the student nurse responsible for? |
they are responsible for their own actions and liable for their own acts of negligence during their clinical experiences. They are held to the same standards of skill and competence as a regerstered nurse
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Vital Signs
When taking a rectal temperature the patient will experiance tachycardia or bradycardia? |
Bradycardia
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Intro to Nursing
Clara Barton was..... |
Red Cross founder/Self-educated
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Intro to Nursing
The dark ages of nursing were... |
16th century to 1850
It was the decline in Religious orders Siri Gamp character in Dickens Novel |
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Intro to Nursing
Margaret Sanger was.... |
individual who was considered the mother of Birth Control. She had the first birth control clinic in NYC 1916
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Intro to nursing
Definition of Nursing from the ANA 1995 |
holistic
what we see, what we hear and what the patient telss us application of scientific knowledge acknolwledges scientific research for it to be a profession acknowledges caring |
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Into to nursing
What is the aim and scope of Nursing? |
education
caregiver researcher patient advocate counselor communicator |
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Legal issues
What 4 things prove malpractice? |
Duty
Breech of Duty Causation (caused injury) Harm resulted |
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Legal issues
What are ethics? What are values? |
Ethics are society standards
Values are your own personal beliefs |
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Preventing Ulcers
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Identify at risk patients
Assess skin Areas Turn Client to prevent shearing Good Hygeine to prevent infection Good nutrition, hydration Protect the client's skin- barrier cream Early Intervention if ulcer is present Head of Bed<30 to prevent sliding heels of bed-posey boots |
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Types of immunity
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Active-antigens enter and body responds
Passive-antibodies exist but were not produced by that person |
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Active Natural Immunity
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conected with illness
most effective and long lasting |
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Active Artificial Immunity
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immunizations, may need boost
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Passive Natural Immunity
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breast milk, placenta, eliminated when recognized as non-self
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Active Passive Immunity
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need to avoid serious illness after exposure...rabies...venom
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Stages of Infection
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incubation:time between pathogen invading and symptoms appearing...may be 1-2 hours up to several years
prodromal: early signs and symptons appears most infectious Full illness: symptoms very specific to illness/microorganism..may be localized,or systemic convalescence-signs and symptoms start to wane..recovery begins |
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Means of transmission of bacteria:
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Direct contact- direct physical contact between infected carrier and suseptable host: Airborne/droplet is also direct
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Means of transmission of bacteria:
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indirect- vehicles contaminated blood, H20 or utensils
Vectors-insects, fleas |
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2 types of Asepsis
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medical: clean technique..reduce number of microorganisms and prevent spread
Surgical: Sterile technique, eliminate all microorganisms from an area |
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Cardinal signs of inflammatory response
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pain
swelling, edema, and fluid accumulation local heat..increased blood flow erythema-redness reduction of function due to pain and swelling Normal response to surgery...including low grade fever |
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Wound Healing
Primary |
incision, well approximated, no gaping edges match, heals in 4 to 14 days, depending on depth
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Wound Healing
Secondary |
some tissue loss, higher infection risk, longer time to heal, scars are likely
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Wound Healing
Tertiary |
time laps between injury and suture
greater risk of infection |
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Inflamation is the first phase of wound healing...it is from day 1 to day 4
4 stages are: |
1. vasoconstriction: very brief
2.vasodialation: blood to area, cleans debris, dilutes bacteria 3.phagocytosis: wbc get rid of debris-client slightly lethargic, low fever reanastamosis-blood vessels begin to reconnect |
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Factors affecting wound healing
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Age
Circulatory problems Oxygenation (smokers have co2 binds w/hemoglobin and replaces O2) Nutrition-especially need for protein Wound condition-size Bacterial load-exudate Necrotic tissue Nsaids intfere-stop inflammatory response |
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Wound healing complications
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Infection
Hemorrhage Hematoma-blood clot common @ site of healing-bad if it moves Dehiscence-total disruption of wound Evisceration- wound dehiscence with protrusion of visceral organs (cover with sterile moist gauze) Fistula-tube like passage organ to organ or organ to surface ...tunnel |
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Wound Drainage
Serous |
clear or light yellow, thin and watery
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Wound Drainage
Sanguinous |
Red (fresh blood), thin
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Wound Drainage
serosanguinous |
pink, or light red thin and watery
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Wound Drainage
purulent |
yellow, green, white, tan, thick and opaque
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Wound Age
Acute |
new, making progress toward healing...uncomplicated surgical wounds
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Wound Age
Chronic |
healing slow
stuck in the inflammatory stage pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers |
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Wound Depth
partial thickness |
heal quickly, involve only dermis, epidermis, painful
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Wound Depth
full thickness |
penetrate though dermis and epidermis to underlying structure, slow to heal
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Types of Dressings
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dry, wet to dry, film, hydrogels, hydrocolloids, algimates, foams, imbedded
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Hydrogels
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gels or gelationous sheets, hight water content, good for a dry wound bed or sloughing wound with little drainage, requires secondary dressing like film- non absorbant
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Hydrocolloids
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for stage 1 or 2, flexible, not tramatic to the skin
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Barrier cream
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like diaper cream, keeps moisture,contaminates out
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Alginates
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made from seaweed, absorb huge amounts of fluid, require secondary dressing
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Foams
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used with wound vacs, dense, absorb moisture, insulates and maintains constant temp
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imbedded
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petroleum jelly like-scarlet red used for burns
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montgomery straps
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when patient requires frequent dressing but can't tolerate tape removal, tape plus lace up gauze...can last 2-3 weeks
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Malpractice
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negligence by a person performing as a professional and it must be proven
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Intentional torts
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include assult (threatening to touch), battery (touching), and false imprisonment
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Informed consent
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voluntary consent made by an INFORMED, competent client of legal age
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Areas of Potential Liability for nurses are......
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breach of contract
Invasion of privacy Loss of client property unprofessional conduct Primary care providers' orders recocord keeping incident reports giving aid to someone in distress (at scene of an accident) |
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Function of Law is to:
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hold nurses to be accoutable, maintain standard of nursing practice
helps to differentiate nurse responsibilities from those of other health care professionals it specifies what is legal for nurses to perform |
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Sources of Law:
Constitutional |
supreme law of the USA. It creates legal rights and responsibilities and is the foundation for a system of justice
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Sources of Law:
Legislation (STATUTES) |
Laws that are enacted by federal, state, and other legislation bodies (US Senate). If federal and state conflict...federal law prevails
Regulations of Nursing is provided by the state...That is the NURSE PRACTICE ACTS |
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Sources of Law:
Common Law |
These are laws that evolve from court decisions. Common Law is often used to resolve disputes between two parites, as in a law suit
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Types of Law:
Public Law |
law between individuals and the goverment
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Types of Law:
Criminal Law |
a type of public law, it deals with safety and welfare of the public (HOMICIDE, RAPE....)
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Types of Law:
Private (civil law) |
Law that deals with relationships between private persons
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Types of Laws:
Contract Law |
Enforces agreements
If a contract is written it is considered expressed An implied contract is a verbal or an understood responsibility in a specific relationship involving services one can expect to recieve from an individual in a job or role |
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Types of law:
Tort Law |
Defines duties and rights among individuals that are not based on contracts
Examples: nurse negligence, malpractice,invasion of privacy,assult and battery |
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Unintentional torts
Negligence |
practice that is below the standard expected of an ordinary, resonable, and prudent practitioner, placing another personat risk for harm
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Unitentional torts
Gross negligence |
Extreme lack of knowledge or skill that the practicioner clearly should have known would place another at risk
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Unintentional torts
Malpractice |
Negligence that occurs while the person is performing as a professional...it must be proven
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Malpractice is proven by:
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Nurse has a relationship with the client that involves providing care and is responsible for that patient
nurse did not observe standard of care that is expected the cliet sustained harm, injury,or damage The harm must have occured as a direct result of the nurses failure to observe the standard and the nurse should have known what was going to cause harm |
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Intentional torts
Assult |
an attempt to touch another person without justification....i.e Nurse says if you don't eat we will have to force feed you
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Intentional tort
Battery |
Intentional touching of someone or something they are wearing. It would need to be a harmful touch, embarrassing, done without permission (continuing to bath after the client says NO!)
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Informed consent
Informed consent |
consent is voluntary
the client was competent and of legal age Client had enough information with which to make an informed choice |
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Nurse Practice Act
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defines the scope of practice for the licensed nurse
protects the practice of nursing exclusively to the licensed nurse protects the public by limiting the practice of nursing to the licensed nurse legally controls the practice of nursing through requiered licensing |
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Accreditation
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is the process which the state board of nursing or other private organizations, it evaluates and approves educational programs or services that meet predetermined criteria. All nursing school must be accredited by the state board of nursing
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Florence Nightingale
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Wrote Notes on Nursing, founder of modern nursing
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Clara Barton
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American Red Cross founder
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Margaret Sanger
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Public health nurse in NYC, Founder of Planned parenthood
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Nursing is.....
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promoting health and wellness
preventing illness restoring health care of the dying client based |
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Nursing Process
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Assessment: The nurse collects the patient health data
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Diagnosis
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the nurse analyzes the assessmnet date in determining diagnoses
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Outcome
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The nurse identifies expected outcomes individualized to the client
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Planning and implmentation
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the nurse develops a plan of care that prescribes interventions to attain expected outcomes and the nurse implements the plan of care
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Evaluation
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The nurse evaluates the patient's progress towards attainment of outcomes
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Benner's stages of Nursing expertise:
Novice= Stage 1 |
Stage 1: Novice..no experience, performance is limited, inflexible, and governed bycontext-free rules and regulations rather than experience
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Benner's stages of nursing expertise:
Stage II Advanced beginner |
Demonstrates marginally acceptable performance, recognizes real experiences
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Benner's Stages of Nursing expertise:
StageIII Competent |
Competent: has 2 or 3 years of experience, can plan organize, multi-task
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Benner's Stages of Nursing expertise:
StageIV Proficient |
Proficient-3 to 5 years experience, long term goals, sees the big picture
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Benner's Stages of Nursing expertise:
Stage V Expert |
Performance is fluid, highly proficient, take action because it felt right
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Foods with phosphorus
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milk
cheese meat egg yolks |
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Foods with Potassium
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oranges
bananas potatoes brocoli leafy greens meat nuts legumes |
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Foods with Iodine
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seafood
iodized salt |
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Foods with vitamin c
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citrus
tomatoes cabbage sweet potatoes green and yellow veggies |
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Foods with iron
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liver
meat seafoods egg yolk whole grain legumes green leafy veggies |
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Foods with calcium
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whole grain
milk cheese green leafy salmon |
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Foods with Vitamin D
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yeast
fish oil fortified milk uv ray lights |
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Foods with Vitamn K
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green leafy
cabbage spinach cauliflower cheese egg yolks liver |
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Foods with Vitamin A
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fish oils
liver eggs green and yellow veggies cantaloupe watermelon peaches fortified milk |
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Protein Sources
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eggs
milk fish milk poultry nuts legumes soy proteins |
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Carb Sources
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grains
potatoes corn peas fruits sugar |
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Fat soluble vitamins
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A,D,E,K
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Water soluble vitamins
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C,B
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Lipoprotiens
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Compound lipids
HDL=good LDL=bad |
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complete proteins
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provides all 9 essential amino acid in sufficient amounts for body. Animal products and soy
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Incomplete protein
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lack at least one of the essential amino acids
Plant sources Except soy |
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Complimentary Proteins
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two incomplete protiend that together make up all nine-this is how veggie survive i.e. peanut butter and whole grain bread
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Bronchi sounds
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low pitched gurgling as the large airways fill with air
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Crackles Sounds
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fine,coarse, popping as air passes through the fluid in the small airways
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Wheezes Sounds
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high pitched whistling as air passes through narrowed passage ways
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Friction Rub Sounds
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grating or scratching as the inflamed pleura rubs
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kyphosis
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hunchback
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lordosis
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swayback
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Six links in the chain of infection
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etiologic agent
reservoir portal of exit method of transmission portal of entry to a susceptable host susceptible host |
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Signs and symptoms of localized infection are:
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fever
malaise leukocyte count>than 11,000/cu mm enlarged lymph nodes anorexia nausea/vomiting |
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What happens when you encounter stress
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there is a release of epinephrine and cortison with subsequent changes in the organ systems
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Aldosterone
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is released from the adrenal cortex, sodium and water are reabsorbed in greater quantities increasing the blood volume and decreasing the urinary output
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signs and symptoms of stress
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dialated pupils
diaphoresis increased heart rate increased sodium and water retention...resulting in increased blood volume and increased cardiac output increased rate of respirations and depth (hyperventilation) skin pallor decrease urinary output dry mouth decrease peristalsis, resulting in flatus and contriction improved mental alertness increased muscle tension increased blood sugar |
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psychological signs and symptoms of stress
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anxiety
fear anger depression unconscious ego defenses i.e. denial displacement projection rationalization regression sublimination |
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normal grief
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crying,sleep disturbances,loss of appetite,difficulty concentrating,fatigue
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dysfunctional grief
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severe physiological symptoms
suicidal thoughts extended periods of grief prolonged time in stage of denial prolonged or severe social isolation persistent guilt low self-esteem drug abuse |
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Kubler-Ross stages of dying and grieving
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Denial,Anger,Bargaining,depression,acceptance
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Gate control theory
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pain impulses can be blocked by a gate between transmission cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.There is a block of too much infromation to the nerves and it could involve distraction mechanisims
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The Body's Analgesia system
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when regions of the midbrain are stimulated and endorphin opiods are released
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