Nurs.111-Exam 4

Front 1

Pharmacology

Back 1

The study that deals with chemicals that affect the body's functioning.

Front 2

Generic name

Back 2

The name assigned to a drug by the manufacturer that first developed the drug; (identifies the drug's active ingredient).

Front 3

Official name

Back 3

The name by which the drug is identified in official publications; USP & National Formulary. Also, designated by the FDA.

Front 4

Trade name (Brand name/Proprietary name)

Back 4

Name selected by the drug company that sells the drug and is protected by trademark.

Front 5

Pharmacokinetics

Back 5

The effect of the body on the drug; in relation to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Front 6

Absorption

Back 6

The process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body, to the bloodstream.

Front 7

Pharmacotherapeutic

Back 7

Dynamic that achieves the desired therapeutic effect of the drug without causing other undesirable effects.

Front 8

Distribution

Back 8

Depends on blood flow to the tissues, the drug's ability to leave the bloodstream, and the drug's ability to enter the cells.

Front 9

Metabolism (Biotransformation)

Back 9

The change of a drug from its original form, to a new form.

Front 10

Excretion

Back 10

The process of removing a drug, or it's metabolites, from the body.

Front 11

Pharacodynamics

Back 11

The process by which drugs alter cell physiology and affect the body.

Front 12

Adverse drug effects

Back 12

Undesirable effects other than the intended therapeutic effect of a drug.

Front 13

Anaphylactic Reaction (Anaphylaxis)

How is Anaphylaxis treated?

Back 13

Occurs immediately after exposure to a drug; characterized by respiratory distress, sudden severe bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse. (Most serious allergic effect)

Treatment involves vasopressors, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and antihistamines.

Front 14

Allergic Effect

Back 14

An immune system response that occurs when the body interprets the administered drug as a foreign substance and forms antibodies against the drug.

Front 15

Drug tolerance

Back 15

Occurs when the body becomes accustomed to the effects of a particular drug over a period of time.

Front 16

Toxic effects (Toxicities)

Back 16

Specific groups of symptoms related to drug therapy that carry risk for permanent damage or death.

Front 17

Cumulative effect

Back 17

Occurs when the body can't metabolize one dose of a drug before another dose is administered.

Front 18

Idiosyncratic effect (Paradoxical effect)

Back 18

Any unusual or peculiar response to a drug that may manifest itself by over response, under response, or the opposite of the expected response.

Front 19

Antagonist effect

Back 19

Combined effect of 2 or more drugs that produces less than the effect of each drug alone.

Front 20

Synergistic effect

Back 20

Combined effect of 2 or more drugs is greater than the effect of each drug alone.

Front 21

Teratogenic

Back 21

Drugs know to have the potential to cause developmental defects,(especially in the first trimester) in the embryo or fetus, and are definitely contraindicated.

Front 22

Therapeutic range

Back 22

The concentration of drug in blood serum that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity.

Front 23

Peak level

Back 23

Highest plasma concentration, (measured when absorption is complete).

Front 24

Trough level

Back 24

The point when the drug is at its lowest concentration, (specimen usually drawn in 30min. interval, before next dose).

Front 25

Half-Life

Back 25

The amount of time it takes for 50% of the blood concentration of a drug to be eliminated from the body.

Front 26

p.r.n. order

Back 26

"as needed" order; patient receives medicine when it is requested or required.

Front 27

STAT order (Single order)

Back 27

Carried out immediately.

Front 28

Ampule

Back 28

A glass flask that contains a single dose of medication for parenteral administration.

Front 29

Parenteral

Back 29

Outside the intestines or alimentary canal (used to refer to injection routes).

Front 30

Vial

Back 30

A glass bottle with a self-sealing stopper through which the medication is removed.

Front 31

Intradermal injections

Back 31

Administered into the dermis, just below the epidermis.

Front 32

Subcutaneous injections

Back 32

Administered into the adipose tissue layer, just below the epidermis and dermis.

Front 33

Intramuscular injections

Back 33

Deliver medication through the skin and subcutaneous tissues, into certain muscles.

Front 34

Z-Track technique

Back 34

Technique used to administer medications intramuscularly, that ensures the medication does not leak back along the needle track and into the subcutaneous tissue, reducing pain and discomfort.

Front 35

Intravenous route

Back 35

When the drug is administered directly into the bloodstream; It is the most dangerous route of administration and cannot be recalled, and its actions cannot be slowed!

Front 36

Piggyback delivery system

Back 36

Requires the intermittent or additive solution to be placed higher than the primary solution container.

Front 37

Volume-control administration set (for intermittent intravenous infusion)

Back 37

Medication diluted with a small amount of solution and administered through the patient's intravenous line.

Front 38

Mini-infusion pump (syringe pump)

Back 38

Used for intermittent infusion, is battery operated, and allows medication mixed in a syringe to be connected to the primary line and delivered by mechanical pressure applied to the syringe plunger.

Front 39

Topical Applications

Back 39

Usually intended for direct action at a particular site, although some can have systemic effects and are given for systemic effect.

Front 40

Drug/Medication

Back 40

Any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the body.

Front 41

Prescription

Back 41

An order by the prescriber, conveying medication plans to others.

Front 42

Placebo

Back 42

A pharmacologically inactive substance.

Front 43

Infection

Back 43

A disease state that results from the presence of pathogens in or on the body.

Front 44

Pathogens

Back 44

Disease-producing microorganisms.

Front 45

Bacteria

Back 45

The most significant and most commonly observed infection-causing agents in healthcare institutions; categorized by shape (spherical=cocci), (rod=bacilli), (corkscrew=spirochetes). Also, Gram + or Gram- stain.

Front 46

Aerobic

Back 46

Organisms that require oxygen to live and grow.

Front 47

Anaerobic

Back 47

Organisms that do not require oxygen.

Front 48

Virus

Back 48

The smallest of all microorganism, visible only with an electron microscope.

Front 49

Fungi

Back 49

Plant-like organisms (mold and yeasts) that also can cause infection, are present in the air, soil, and water.

Front 50

Virulence

Back 50

Its ability to cause disease.

Front 51

Endemic

Back 51

Occurs with predictability in one specific region to population can appear in a different geographical location.

Front 52

Reservoir

Back 52

For growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism.

Front 53

Antigen

Back 53

Foreign material in the body.

Front 54

Antibodies

Back 54

Immunoglobin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen.

Front 55

Asepsis

Back 55

Includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection.

Front 56

Medical Asepsis

Back 56

Clean technique; involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer pathogens.

Front 57

Surgical Asepsis

Back 57

Sterile technique, includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms.

Front 58

Antimicrobial

Back 58

Antibacterial agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their growth.

Front 59

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
(Nosocomial infections)

Back 59

Infection acquired while in the course of treatment for other infections.

Front 60

Exogenous

Back 60

Infection, when the causative organism is acquired from other people.

Front 61

Endogenous

Back 61

Infection occurs when the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored in the person.

Front 62

Iatrogenic

Back 62

An infection, when it results from a treatment or diagnostic procedure.

Front 63

Disinfection

Back 63

Destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores.

Front 64

Sterilization

Back 64

Destroys all microorganisms, including spores.

Front 65

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Back 65

Includes gloves, gowns, masks, and protective eye gear.

Front 66

Isolation

Back 66

A protective procedure that limits spread of infectious diseases among hospitalized patients, personnel, and visitors.

Front 67

Standardized precautions

Back 67

Precautions used in the care of all hospitalized individuals regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status.

Front 68

Transmission-based precautions

Back 68

Precautions used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogen that can be transmitted airborne, droplet, to contact routes.

Front 69

How can the Nursing Process by applied to medication administration?

Back 69

Assessment includes a comprehensive medication history, awareness of the patient's allergies, and patient assessment, as well as ongoing assessments of the patient's response during and after medication administration. Nursing diagnoses are developed from the assessment data. Patient-centered outcomes are evaluated after implementation of the plan of care and are tailored to the patient's needs.

Front 70

What type of knowledge base does a nurse need to administer medications?

Back 70

Knowledge of Drug names, Preparations, Classifications, Adverse Effects, and Physiologic factors that affect drug action.

Front 71

How can drugs be classified?

Back 71

Drugs may be classified by effect on body systems (Drugs that affect the respiratory or cardiovascular system), by Chemical Composition, or by the clinical indication for the drug or therapeutic action(analgesic, antibiotic, etc).

Front 72

What are the factors affecting absorption?

Back 72

Route of administration, Lipid Solubility, pH, Blood flow, Local Conditions at the Site of Administration, Drug Dosage.

Front 73

What is another name for a lozenge?

What is another name for a ointment?

Back 73

Troche

Unction

Front 74

What is a Loading Dose, and why is it used?

Back 74

A larger than normal dose, which is usually given when a patient is in acute distress and the maximum therapeutic effect is desired as quickly as possible.

Front 75

What is a maintenance dose?

Back 75

A lower dosage that becomes the usual or daily dosage.

Front 76

Ethnopharmacology

Back 76

The study of the effect of ethnicity on responses to prescribed medication, especially drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion.

Front 77

Pharmacogenetics

Back 77

The study of genetic variations in response to drugs.

Front 78

What are the 7 parts of the Medication Order?

Back 78

1. Patient's name
2. Date and Time the order is written
3. Name of drug to be administered
4. Dosage of the drug
5. Route by which the drug is to be administered
6. Frequency of administration of the drug
7. Signature of person writing the order

Front 79

How is the ratio-proportion method setup?

Back 79

___dose on hand___ = ____dose desired____
quantity on hand X(quantity desired)

Front 80

How is the dimensional analysis method setup?

Back 80

??
__dose desired__ X quantity on hand=desired quant.
dose on hand

Front 81

The nurse much check the accuracy of the medication label/container 3 times during medication preparation and administration.

Back 81

1. When the nurse reaches for the container or unit dose package.
2. After retrieval from the drawer and compared with the CMAR, or compared with the CMAR immediately before pouring from a multi-dose container; and
3. When replacing the container to the drawer or shelf or before giving the unit dose medication to the patient.

Front 82

What are the 5 rights of medication administration?

Back 82

1.Right Medication(Drug)
2. Right Patient
3. Right Dosage
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
(6. Right Reason, 7. Right Documentation, 8. Right Client Education, 9. Right to Refusal, 10. Right Assessment/Evaluation)

Front 83

Acute Pain

Back 83

Pain rapid in onset, varies in intensity, from mild to severe. (Warning system by body symbolizing tissue damage or organic disease. Ex. causes include, a pricked finger, sore throat, or surgery.)

Front 84

Chronic pain

Back 84

Pain that may be limited, intermittent, or persistent but that lasts beyond the normal healing period.

Front 85

Remission

Back 85

When the disease is present but the person does not experience symptoms.

Front 86

Exacerbation

Back 86

The symptoms of a disease reappear.

Front 87

Cutaneous pain

Back 87

Superficial pain, involving the skin and subcutaneous tissue. (Ex. Papercut, with sharp pain and burning sensation).

Front 88

Somatic pain

Back 88

Diffuse or scattered and originates in the tendons, ligaments, bones, blood vessels, and nerves. (Ex. Strong pressure on a bone or damage to tissue that occurs with a sprain causes deep somatic pain).

Front 89

Visceral pain

Back 89

Poorly localized and originates in body organs in the thorax, cranium, and abdomen. (Ex. Pain occurs as organs stretch abnormally and become distended, ischemic, or inflamed).

Front 90

Referred pain

Back 90

Pain originating in one part of the body but being perceived in an area distant from its point of origin.
(Ex. myocardial infarction/heart attack pain, frequently referred to the neck, shoulder, and arms(left)).

Front 91

Neuropathic pain

Back 91

Results from an injury to or abnormal functioning of peripheral nerves or the central nervous system.

Front 92

Intractable

Back 92

When pain is resistant to therapy and persists despite a variety of interventions.

Front 93

Phantom pain (Phantom limb pain)

Back 93

Pain where receptors and nerves are clearly absent, but are somehow causing real pain for the patient.(Ex. an amputated leg)

Front 94

Psychogenic pain

Back 94

Pain where a physical cause for the pain cannot be identified.

Front 95

Transduction

Back 95

The activation of pain receptors.

Front 96

Nociceptors

Back 96

The peripheral nerve fibers that transmit pain.

Front 97

Neurotransmitters

Back 97

Substances that either excite or inhibit target nerve cells, (ex. Prostaglandins, substance P, and Serotonin).

Front 98

Transmission

Back 98

Conduction of pain sensations from the site of an injury or inflammation along clear and unclear pathways to the spinal cord and then on to higher centers.

Front 99

Perception

Back 99

Involves the sensory process that occurs when a stimulus for pain is present. It includes the person's interpretation of pain.

Front 100

Pain threshold

Back 100

The lowest intensity of a stimulus that causes the subject to recognize pain.

Front 101

Modulation

Back 101

The process by which the sensation of pain is inhibited or modified.

Front 102

Neuromodulators

Back 102

Endogenous opioid chemical regulators that appear to have analgesic activity and alter pain perception.

Front 103

Endorphins

Back 103

Opioid neuromodulators; Morphine-like substances released by the body that appear to alter the perception of pain.

Front 104

Dynorphin

Back 104

The endorphin having the most potent analgesic effect.

Front 105

Enkephalins

Back 105

Opioids that are widespread throughout the brain and dorsal horn of the spinal cord and are believed to reduce pain sensation by inhibiting the release of substance P.

Front 106

Gate control theory

Back 106

Theory that explains that excitatory pain stimuli carried by small-diameter nerve fibers can be blocked by inhibiting signals carried by large-diameter nerve fibers.

Front 107

Pain tolerance

Back 107

The point beyond which a person is no longer willing to endure pain.

Front 108

Analgesic

Back 108

A pharmaceutical agent that relieves pain. Functions to reduce patient's perception of pain and to alter the patient's responses to discomfort.

Front 109

Opioid

Back 109

More correct term for narcotic analgesics, since these drugs act by binding to opiate receptor sites in the central nervous system. (all controlled substances, ex. Morphine, Codeine, Meperidine, etc.).

Front 110

Physical dependence

Back 110

A phenomenon in which the body physiologically becomes accustomed to the opioid and suffers withdrawl symptoms if the opioid is suddenly removed or rapidly decreased.

Front 111

Tolerance

Back 111

Occurs when the body becomes accustomed to the opioid and needs a larger dose each time for pain relief.

Front 112

Addiction

Back 112

A pattern of compulsive opioid use for means other than pain control.

Front 113

Adjuvant

Back 113

Drugs typically used for other purposes but are also used to enhance the effect of opioids by providing additional pain relief.

Front 114

Breakthrough pain (BTP)

Back 114

A temporary flare-up of moderate to severe pain that occurs even when the patient is taking ATC medication for persistent pain.

Front 115

Electrolyte

Back 115

Substances that are capable of breaking into particles called ions.

Front 116

Ion

Back 116

An atom or molecule carrying an electrical charge.

Front 117

Cations

Back 117

Ions with a positive charge. (+)

Front 118

What are the major cations in body fluid?

Back 118

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Hydrogen, and Magnesium ions.

Front 119

Anions

Back 119

Ions with a negative charge. (-)

Front 120

What are the major anions in body fluid?

Back 120

Chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate.

Front 121

Solvents

Back 121

Liquids that hold a substance in solution.

Front 122

Solutes

Back 122

Substances that are dissolved in a solution.

Front 123

Osmosis

Back 123

The major method of transporting body fluids. (Water shifts and balance depend heavily on this route of transport).

Front 124

Osmolarity

Back 124

The concentration of particles in a solution, or its pulling power.

Front 125

Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

Back 125

A solution that has about the same concentration of particles, or osmolarity, as plasma. (Between 275 and 295 mOsm/L)
Has greater osmolarity than plasma. (>275mOsm/L)
Has less osmolarity than plasma. (<275mOsm/L)

Front 126

Diffusion

Back 126

The tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent.

Front 127

Active Transport

Back 127

A process that requires energy for the movement of substances through a cell membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Front 128

Filtration

Back 128

The passage of fluid through a permeable membrane

Front 129

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 129

The "pushing force" exerted by a fluid against the container wall.

Front 130

Colloid osmotic pressure (Oncotic pressure)

Back 130

Pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the body.

Front 131

Acid
Base (Alkali)

Back 131

A substance containing H+ that can be liberated or released.
A substance that can accept or trap H+ ions.

Front 132

pH

Back 132

The unit of measure used to describe acid-base balance. An expression of H+ ion concentration resulting acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

Front 133

Acidosis

Back 133

The condition characterized by an excess of H ions or loss of base ions (bicarbonate) in ECF in which the pH falls below 7.35.

Front 134

Alkalosis

Back 134

Occurs when there is a lack of H ions or a gain of base (bicarbonate) and the pH exceeds 7.45.

Front 135

Buffer

Back 135

A substance that prevents body fluids from becoming overly acidic or alkaline.

Front 136

Hypervolemia
Hypovolemia

Back 136

Excess of plasma.
Deficiency of blood plasma.

Front 137

Edema

Back 137

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

Front 138

Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia

Back 138

A sodium deficiency in ECF (serum sodium<135mEq/L) caused by a loss of sodium or gain of water.
A surplus of sodium in the ECF (serum sodium>145mEq/L) caused by excess water loss or an overall excess of sodium.

Front 139

Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia

Back 139

A potassium deficit in ECF (serum potassium<3.5mEq/L) and is a common electrolyte abnormality.
An excess of potassium in ECF (serum potassium >5mEq/L).

Front 140

Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia

Back 140

A calcium deficiency in ECF (serum calcium <8.9 mg/dL, ionized calcium <4.5mg/dL).
An excess of calcium in the ECF (serum calcium>10.1 mg/dL, ionized >5.1mg/dL).

Front 141

Hypomagnesium
Hypermagnesium

Back 141

Magnesium deficiency in the ECF (serum magnesium <1.5 mEq/L).
Magnesium excess in the ECF (serum magnesium>2.5 mEq/L).

Front 142

Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia

Back 142

A below normal concentration of phosphorus in the ECF (serum phosphate <2.5 mg/dL or 1.8 mEq/L).
An above-normal concentration of phosphate in the ECF (serum phosphate <4.5mg/dL or 2.6 mEq/L).

Front 143

Hypochloremia
Hyperchloremia

Back 143

Below-normal level of Chloride in the ECF (serum chloride <96mEq/L).
Above-normal level of Chloride in the ECF (serum chloride >106mEq/L).

Front 144

Typing

Back 144

The lab examination to determine a person's blood type.

Front 145

Cross-matching

Back 145

The process of determining compatibility between blood specimens.

Front 146

Antigen

Back 146

A substance that causes the formation of antibodies.

Front 147

Antibody

Back 147

A protein substance developed in the body in response to the presence of an antigen that has entered the body.

Front 148

Agglutinin

Back 148

An antibody that causes a clumping of specific antigens.

Front 149

Autologous transfusion

Back 149

Patient's who know in advance that they will need blood therefore they donate their own blood for transfusion.

Front 150

What are the functions of water in the body?

Back 150

Provide a medium for transporting nutrients to cells and wastes from cells.
Provide a medium for transporting substances such as hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red & white blood cells throughout the body.
Facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning.
Act as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.
Help maintain norm. body temp.
Facilitate digestion and promote elimination.
Act as a tissue lubricant.

Front 151

Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage

Back 151

Tough fibrous bands of connective tissue that binds joints together and connect bones to cartilage.
Strong, flexible, inelastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone.
Hard nonvascular connective tissue found in the joints as well as in the nose, ear, thorax, trachea, and larynx.

Front 152

Neurons

Back 152

Nerve cells that conduct impulses from one part of the body to another.

Front 153

Body mechanics

Back 153

The application of mechanical laws to the human body, specifically in regard to structure, function, and position of the body.

Front 154

Patient care ergonomics

Back 154

The practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker in relation to patient care.

Front 155

Orthopedics

Back 155

The correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion.

Front 156

Negative Nitrogen balance

Back 156

Condition resulting in muscle wasting and decreased physical energy for movement and work (anorexia nervosa and certain).

Front 157

Isotonic exercise
Isometric exercise
Isokinetic exercise

Back 157

Movement in which muscles shorten (contract) and move.
Exercise in which muscle tension occurs without a significant change in muscle length.
Exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate.

Front 158

Osteoporosis

Back 158

The process of bone demineralization.

Front 159

Atrophy

Back 159

Decreased muscle mass, and utilization of muscle.

Front 160

Ankylosis

Back 160

A consolidation and immobilization of a joint.

Front 161

Range of motion

Back 161

The complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable.

Front 162

Flaccidity
Spasticity

Back 162

Decreased muscle tone; synonym for hypotonicity.
Increased muscle tone.

Front 163

Paresis

Back 163

Impaired muscle strength or weakness.

Front 164

Footdrop

Back 164

Complication resulting from extended plantar flexion.

Front 165

Active exercise
Passive exercise

Back 165

Joint movement activated by person.
Manual or mechanical means of moving the joints.

Front 166

Dangling

Back 166

The position in which the person sits on the edge of the bed with legs and feet over the side of the bed.

Front 167

Tonus
Contractures

Back 167

Normal, partially steady state of muscle contraction.
Permanently contracted state of a muscle.