Nuro530 Chapter 10

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threats to validity

Back 1

reasons that an inference could be wrong
threats to validity are ruled out by exercising various types of control

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the best control method is

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randomization to treatment conditions

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homogeneity

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is the use of a homogeneous sample to eliminate variability on confounding variables

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pair matching is when

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participants on key variables are matched to make groups more comparable

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statistical control is the

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process of removing the effect of a confound variable statistically through analysis of covariance

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two disadvantages of of homogeneity, stratifying,matching and statical control are

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researchers must know in advance which variables to control
can rarely control all the variables

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four types of validity affect the rigor of a quantitative study

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statistical conclusion validity
internal validity
construct validity
external validity

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statistical conclusion validity concerns the

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validity of inferences that there is an empirical relationship between variables (most often, the presumed cause and the effect)

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threats to statistical conclusion validity icnlude

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low statical power
low precision
factors undermine a strong operationalization of the independent variable

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statistical power is the

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ability to detect true relationships among variables

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precision is the

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exactness of the relationships revealed after controlling confounding variables

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intervention fidelity concerns

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the extent to which the implementation of a treatment is faithful to its plan

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intervention fidelity is enhanced through

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standardized treatment protocols
careful training of intervention agents
monitoring of the delivery and receipt of the intervention
manipulation checks
treatment adherence
avoiding contamination of treatment

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internal validity concerns

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inferences that outcomes were caused by the independent variable rather than by factors extraneous to the research

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threats to internal validity include

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temporal ambiguity
selection
history
maturation
mortality
testing
instrumentation

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temporal ambiguity is the

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lack of clarity about whether the presumed cause preceded the outcome

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selection is the

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preexisting group difference

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history is the

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occurrence of events external to an independent variable that could affect outcome

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maturation

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changes resulting from the passage of time

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mortality

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effects attributable to attrition

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testing

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effects of a pretest

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instrumentation

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changes in the way data are gathered

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internal validity can be enhanced through

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judicious design decisions
analysis

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intention-to-treat analysis

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analyzing outcomes for all people in their original treatment conditions

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per-protocol analysis

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analyzing outcomes only for those who received the full treatment as assigned

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which is preferred intention to treat analysis or per-protocol analysis?

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intention to treat

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contruct validity concerns

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inferences from the particular exemplars of a study (e.g. the specific treatment, outcomes, people and settings ) to the higher order construct that they are intended to represent

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if the operationalization of a construct fails to incorporate all of the relevant characteristics of the construct or if it includes extraneous content what happens to construct validity?

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it is threatened

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examples of threats to construct validity are

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subject reactivity
researcher expectancies
novelty effects
compensatory effects
treatment diffusion

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external validity concerns

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inferences about the extent to which study results can be generalized that is about whether relationships observed in a study hold true over variation in people, settings, outocme measures, and treatments.

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efficacy studies emphasize

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internal validity

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effectiveness studies emphasize

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external validity

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RE-AIM framework is a model for

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designing and evaluating intervention research that is strong on multiple forms of study validity
RE-AIM = reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation and maintenance

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selection effects

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might be impossible for investigators to have an adequate number of individuals or adequate access to a target population

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Reactive effects

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participants reacts in a certain way to the research method that affects the results

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Measurement effects

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prior exposure
know that they are being assessed

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what kind of relationship do internal and external validity have

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inverse

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what is mono-method bias

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he way an investigator might ***** a key variable in the research design.
Having only one particular way to assess a given variable.

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statistical conclusion validity can be undermined by

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low statistical power
excessive homogeneity
exert too much experimental control
lack of treatment fidelity
whatever interventions are used in a randomized control trial, need to be used and applied identically
not doing this creates competing hypothesis

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steps in the research process are

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Establish the Research Problem
Form a research question
Develop a Hypothesis
Design the study that is appropriate and answers the questions
Data Analysis
statistical analysis
Interpretation

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the more connected the steps of the research process are the more evidence we have of

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FIT

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FIT is related to the extent of

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scientific rigor = the more connected this steps are the more evidence we have of

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simple research hypothesis

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has minimum number of varibales

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complex research hypothesis has

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many variables

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independent variable is

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predictor variables, the effects of independent variable predicts the changes we see in the dependent variable

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dependent variable is

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outcome or response variables
outcome or response we see in the dependent is a function of change in the independent variable

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extraneous variables are ones that

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influence can be broad
problematic

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extraneous variables can impact the relationship between

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independent and dependent variables
directly impact the variances in the independent variable
impact the dependent variable that are independent from the independent variable

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extraneous variables can create

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competing hypothesis
which means that the dependent and independent variables are not actually creating our results