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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Infant (Birth to 6 months)
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Suck Instinct
Extrusion Reflex Immature GI Tract (food allergies) Large Body Surface Area (Fluid requirements) High Metabolic Rate Prenatal Iron Storage. |
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Infant (6 to12 months)
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More mature GI.
Tooth Eruption. Dimished Extrusion Reflex. Swallowing Coordinated. Improved Eye-Hand Coordination. Pincer Grasp. Birth Weight doubles by 6 months. Birth weight triples by one year. Continue breast milk or formula for one year. |
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Introduction of Solid Foods
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When infant is developmentally ready at 4 to 6 months of age.
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Sequence of Solid Foods.
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Rice Cereal (high in iron; whole grain.
Fruits and Vegetables. Meats. Citrus Fruits. |
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Toddlers feeding Guidelines
Groth slows (gains 4 to 6 lbs 2nd year) |
Autonomy
Ritualism Food Jags Eating habits established in 1s 2-3 years have lasting effects. |
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Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 1 to 3 years |
500mg
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Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 4 to 8 years |
800mg
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Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 9 to 18 years |
1300mg
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Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 19 to 50 years |
1000mg
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Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 51 plus |
1200mg
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Malnutrition
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Undernutrition
Overnutrition |
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Groups at Risk of Malnutrition
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Lower socioeconomic groups
Children with malabsorptive disorders Children born to vitamin deficient mothers Children exposed to minimal sunlight. Those who adhere to strict vegetarian diet. Children whose parents lack education. Premature infants. Children with increase energy needs. Children with decreased energy needs. Depenedent feeders. Those with food allergies. Those who take medications that interfere with digestion/absorption. |
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Macrobiotic diet
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Most severe Main food: brown rice and cereals.
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Kwashiorkor
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Protein deficiency with adequate calories.
Symptoms: Wasted extremities Abdominal distention dry, scaly skin depigmentation (reddish tint) alopecia blindness diarrhea irritability apathy edema |
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Marasmus
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Portein and caloire deficiency
Symptoms: gradual wasting atropy of tissues wrinkled,flabby skin lethargy prostration dissease/infection |
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Treatment for Kwashiorkor and Maramus
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Protein
Vitamins/minerals Calories Electrolytes Hygiene care (handle gently) Rest Developmental stimulation |
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Vitamin D Deficiency
Rickets |
Vitamin D needed for calcium and phosphorus absorption.
Symptoms: Bow legs, knock knees, thick wrists & ankles, poorly calcified teeth that may be late to come in , softening of cranial bones, enlargement of frontal area delayed closure of fontanels, scoliosis, kyphosis, kordosis, tetany and seizures. |
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Vitaminn C Deficiency
Scurvy |
Vitamin C needed for protein synthesis and collagen formation.
Symptoms: bleeding in joints and gums, bruisiing, anorexia, decreased healing, infection and anemia. Nursing Care: Provision of foods high in vitamin C (fresh frutis and vegetables) education on cooking food to preserve vitamins oral hygiene and gentle handling. |
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Inborn Error of Metabolism
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Galactosemia |
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Genetic disease (autosomal recessive)
Absence of enzyme necessary for metabolism of essential amino acitd phenylalanine. Increase phenylalanine in blood and urine. Primarily affects blue eyed white children. Can cause mental retardation. |
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Guthrie Test
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Newborn Screening for PKU
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PKU Treatment
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Strict dietary management for 6 to 8 years to keep phenylalanine at safe levels (can't eliminate because it is necessar for growth)
Formula: Lofenalac. |
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Galactosemia
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Disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism.
Rare genetic disorder. Automosomal recessive. Absence of liver enzyme that converts galactose to glucose, causing galactose accumulation. |
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Result of galactose accumulation
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Hepatic dysfunction, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, cataracts, cerebral damage and death.
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Treatment of Galactosemia
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Elimination of all milk and dairy products (including breastmilk)Use of soy formula and strict adherence to galactose free diet for first 7 to 8 years of life.
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Preschooler: If child refuses to eat, consider
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Eating between meals
Emotional distrubances fatigue imitation of adults with poor food habits Illness or dental caries Attention seeking or sibliing rivalry. |
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School Age Child Nutrional Facts
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Slower period
Resources store for increased needs during adolescence. Acquire taste for greater variety of food. Usually eat better with fewer food fads Can be helpful at mealtime. |
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Growth spurt for girls
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10 to 12 years
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Growth spurt for boys
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12 to 14 years
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Preschool nutrion tips
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Increase food intake by:
Serve food in quiet environment. Provide rest period before meal Use colorful dishes Provide comfortable seat at table. Offer small frequent feedings. Serve plain food. Introduce new food gradually. |