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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of neurons formed by neural crest cells (2)
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Sensory neurons & Postganglionic autonomic neurons
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All ganglia found in the PNS contain either __ or __ __ neurons and are derived from [neural crest cells/neural tube]
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sensory or postganglionic autonomic neuronal cell bodies; derived from neural crest cells
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Are chromaffin cells derived from neural crest cells or from the neural tube?
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Neural crest cells
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What are Schwann cells? What are oligodendrocytes? What is the difference between their processes and what is the benefit of it?
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Schwann cells make myelin for PNS axons & Oligodendrocytes make myelin in the CNS. Unlike oligodendrocytes, individual Schwann cells myelinate only a small part of a single axon. This causes discontinuities in myelin where 2 Schwann cells meet called Nodes of Ranvier which allow for saltatory conduction.
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What are 2 differences between MS and Guillain-Barre?
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MS affects CNS myelinated axons and results in motor & sensory deficits. Guillain-Barre affects PNS myelinated axons and results in motor deficits.
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Everything neural is derived from the [ectoderm/ mesoderm/endoderm], which also forms the __.
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Ectoderm; skin
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What induces formation of the nervous system?
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The notochord
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In the formation of the neural tube, first the __ thickens and __ forming the neural __, then the neural __. It then separates from the __derm and sinks into the __derm. The __ plate will form the sensory neurons and the __ plate will form the motor neurons. The __ __ develops outside of the neural tube.
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ectoderm; invaginates; groove; tube; ectoderm; mesoderm; alar; basal; neural crest
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Which part of the neural groove fuses first? When does this occur? What part fuses next and when? What part fuses last and when?
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The middle part fuses first (Day 23), then the cranial part/Rostral neuropore (Day 25), then the caudal neuropore (Day 27)
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What marker is present in any neural tube defect? What is the level of this marker in mothers with Down's Syndrome fetuses?
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Alpha fetal protein; It is reduced in Down's Syndrome mothers
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Alpha fetal protein is fairly nonspecific because it is present with any __ __ defect.
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body wall
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The rostral neuropore closes at Day __. Failure to close results in __, causing __ and increased __ __ __.
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25; anencephaly; polyhydramnios; alpha fetal protein
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Polyhydramnios
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Too much amniotic fluid
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The caudal neuropore closes at Day __. Failure to close results in __ and increased __ __ __.
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27; Spina bifida; alpha fetal protein
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What is required for neurulation to occur? When does it occur?
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All germ layers must be present; Occurs at 1w post-gastrulation
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Asymptomatic defect in vertebral arches; Tuft of hair on back; Normal alpha fetal protein
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Spina bifida occulta; Tuft of hair occurs over missing processes
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Vertebral defect with meninges projecting through; Elevated alpha fetal protein
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Spina bifida meningocele
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Vertebral defect with meninges and spinal cord projecting through; Elevated alpha fetal protein
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Spina bifida meningomyelocele
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Open neural tube on surface of back with dura & arachnoid protruding through; Elevated alpha fetal protein
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Spina bifida myeloschisis
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Explain the basic pathogenesis of spina bifida. What type of mater do the cysts contain?
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Normally, the neural tube closes and induces bone (vertebral arches) to form around it. In spina bifida, the neural tube doesn't close and so doesn't induce bone formation, resulting in missing spinous processes at lower lumbar levels. Cysts contain dura & arachnoid mater.
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What germ layer are the following derived from: inner ear, anterior pituitary (Rathke's pouch), parotid gland, lens of the eye?
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Surface ectoderm
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What germ layer are the following derived from: CNS, neurohypophysis, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, pineal gland?
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Neural tube from neuroectoderm
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What germ layer are the following derived from: retina, optic nerve?
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Neural tube from neuroectoderm
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What germ layer are the following derived from: adrenal medulla, sensory & autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells?
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Neural crest from ectoderm
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What germ layer are the following derived from: pigment cells, odontoblasts?
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Neural crest from ectoderm
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What germ layer are the following derived from: pia & arachnoid mater, pharyngeal arch cartilage?
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Neural crest from ectoderm
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What germ layer are the following derived from: parafollicular C cells, aorticopulmonary septum, endocardial cushions?
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Neural crest from ectoderm
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What germ layer are the following derived from: adrenal cortex, gonads & internal reproductive organs?
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Mesoderm
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What germ layer are epithelial linings of the GIT & fluid filled organs derived from?
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Endoderm
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What germ layer are parenchyma of organs and glands derived from?
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Endoderm
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What are the rolls of the ANS?
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Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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Where is the cell body for preganglionic motor neurons of the ANS?
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in the CNS
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Where is the cell body for postganglionic motor neurons of the ANS?
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in a ganglion in the PNS
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What is the origin of the sympathetic division of the ANS? Where do they synapse (2 names)? What do they innervate?
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Thoracolumbar outflow, Spinal cord levels T1-L2. Synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia aka paravertebral ganglia. Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands of the body wall & limbs, head, & thoracic viscera
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Where is the origin of the thoracic splanchnic nerves? Where do they synapse? What do they innervate?
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T5-L2. Synapse in the prevertebral ganglia (e.g., celiac, aorticorenal superior mesenteric ganglia). Innervate smooth muscle and glands of the foregut & midgut.
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