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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Nervous System contains? |
Type of NS: 1. Brain 2. Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System contains what? |
Type of NS: Nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord |
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Somatic Nervous System |
Type of Peripheral NS: - Contans nerves that convey messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to muscles |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
-Type of Peripheral NS: - Contains nerves that control the heart, the intestines, and other organs -Controls internal environment of organs and glands -Maintains homeostasis b/w energy conservation and energy release |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
-Type of Autonomic NS important for: -Activation; Expends Energy |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
-Type of Autonomic NS important for: -Conserving Energy |
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Spinal Cord |
-A thin collection of nerves encased in the bony vertebrate column of 24 vertebrae -2/3 the length of the vertebrae column (this stops growing before the column does) |
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The Bell-Magendie Law |
-Sensory nerves on dorsal (back) side -Motor nerves on ventral (front) side -Pretty much, the dorsal root carries sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information |
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Dermatome |
Area of skin in which each nerve innervates a limited area of the body |
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Gray matter |
In the spinal cord: -consists of mostly cell bodies and dendrites (S-shaped)
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White matter |
In the spinal cord: -consists of mostly myelinated axons of interneurons arranged in vertical tracts |
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The brain's (3) major divisions |
1. Forebrain (newest): higher cognitive functions; emotions; body regulation 2. Midbrain: key center for sensory-motor integration and sensory reflexes 3. Hindbrain (oldest): basic survival tasks |
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Medulla |
Hindbrain structure: -Controls vital reflexes like breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing |
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Cranial nerves |
-Controls sensation from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs -12 nerves that regulates medulla |
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Pons |
Hindbrain stucture: -Area where many axons cross from one side of the brain to the other -Latin for "bridge" |
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Reticular formation |
Medulla and pons have this: -control motor areas (descending) of the spinal cord and sends output (ascending) to cerebral cortex increasing arousal and attention |
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Raphe System |
Medulla and pons have this: -Sends axons to much of the forebrain, increasing or decreasing the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli |
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Cerebellum |
Hindbrain structure: -Control movement, shifts of attention, balance and coordination -Regulation of Muscle Tone -Execution of Learned Behavioral Patterns -Movement Planning -Storage of Procedural Memories -Control of Eye Movements
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Superior Colliculus |
Midbrain structure: -Visual sensory reflexes |
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Inferior Colliculus |
Midbrain structure: -Auditory sensory reflexes |
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Substantia nigra |
Midbrain structure: -Latin for "Black substance" -Gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement -Diminishes in Parkinson's disease |
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Thalamus |
Subcortical Structure: -Relay station for sensory information. Where sensory information goes to first, gets processed, and then sends output to cerebral cortex |
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Hypothalamus |
Subcortical Structure: -Regulates homeostasis, sexual behavior, fighting, and feeding |
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Pituitary Gland |
Subcortical Structure: -An endocrine gland at the base hypothalamus. Is hormone producing, meaning it conveys messages from the hypothalamus and synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs throughout the body |
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Basal Ganglia |
Subcortical Structure: -Important for production and control of movement -Damage is seen in Huntingdon's and Parkinson's disease
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Hippocampus |
Subcortical Structure: -Site for formation of memory but it is NOT the site that stores memory |
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Cerebral Ventricles |
Subcortical Structure: -Fluid-filled (cerebrospinal fluid) shock absorbers |
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Corpus callosum |
Subcortical Structure: -Information transfer between the two hemispheres
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Limbic system |
Subcortical Structure: -Production of emotional response |
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Six main points of the Cerebral Cortex |
1. Most advanced portion of brain (evolutionarily newest) 2. Performs the higher-order cognitive functions 3. Thin layer: 4-6 layers of cells (laminae), yet 80% of brain by weight 4. Evolution of convolutions and fissures is the greatest milestone leading to human brain 5. Organized into columns-cells with similar properties (Cells within a given column have similar or related properties) 6. Divided into 4 major lobes |
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Occipital Lobe |
Lobe in Cerebral Cortex: - Posterior end of cortex - Contains primary visual cortex - Damage can result in cortical blindness, in which a person has normal eyes and pupillary function but does not have visual imagery or perception |
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Parietal Lobe |
Lobe in Cerebral Cortex: - Between occipital lobe and the central sulcus - Contains primary somatosensory cortex - Secondary visual processing for depth and location (“where” pathway) - Damage may produce sensory neglect |
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Temporal Lobe |
Lobe in Cerebral Cortex: - Lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the temples - Contains auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area (understanding spoken language) - “Who-what” pathway (complex visual processing of faces and objects) - Emotional and motivational behavior |
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Frontal Lobe |
Lobe in Cerebral Cortex: - Central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain - Contains Primary Motor Cortex (fine movements), Broca’s area (speech production) - Contributes to judgment, emotional balance, planning and organization, motivation, regulation of socially inappropriate behaviors - Contains prefrontal cortex- the integration center for all sensory information and other areas of cortex |
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PreFrontal Lobotomies |
- Developed by Egas Moniz in 1936 - Attempt to treat mental illness through psychosurgery - Targeted the prefrontal cortex and connections - Popularized in USA by Walter Freeman |
