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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Average energy of a positron emitted during positron decay?
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4/10 or 0.4 of the maximum energy.
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1 WLM = ?
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1 rem CEDE
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Radiation exposure to miners is regulated by?
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30 CFR
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Maximum dose allowed to miners is?
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4 WLM per year
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A geiger counter has enough voltage to cause?
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Secondary electrons with a long range avalanche
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What type of decay "competes" with positron decay?
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Electron capture
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A gas-filled detector is collecting 100% of the ion pairs produced. It is said to be operating in what region?
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Ionization
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Which laser wavelength is considered a retina hazard for safety purposes?
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400 to 1400 nm
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To achieve secular equilibrium, which of the following conditions must be met?
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Parent half-life >>> Daughter half-life
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What is the limit for external surface contamination on a DOT package?
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22 dpm/cm^2
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The threshold limit value (TLV) for exposure to radiation from a microwave oven is?
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10 mW/cm^2
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Tissue dose from thermal neutrons occurs principally as a result of?
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(n, gamma) reactions with hydrogen
and (n,p) reactions with nitrogen |
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What are the value(s) for gas amplification factors in ionization chambers?
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Equal to 1
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What is the clearance time for a particulate traveling through the trachea?
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0.1 hour
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What is the clearance time for a particulate traveling through the bronchi?
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1.0 hour
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What is the clearance time for a particulate traveling through the bronchioles?
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4.0 hours
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What is the clearance time for a particulate traveling through the alveoli?
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10 to 1500+ days
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In a semi-infinite cloud of gamma-emitting noble gasses, the gamma contribution to the absorbed dose rate can be estimated as?
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D = 0.25EX
D = rads/sec or rem/sec E = gamma energy (MeV) * yield X = concentration (uCi/cc) |
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What are the 4 major types of cells in circulating blood?
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Erythrocytes, Lymphocytes, Granulocytes, Platelets
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What are the purpose of erythrocytes?
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Oxygen transport to the cells
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What are the purpose of lymphocytes?
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Generate antibodies to fight infection
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What are the purpose of granulocytes?
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Fight infection by phagocytosis
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What are the purpose of platelets?
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Blood clotting agent and vessel integrity
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How do you calculate RBE?
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Dose of 250 kVp x-Rays
/ Dose of other radiation |
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What is the current value for LD50/60 in humans?
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410 rem whole body with no medical intervention
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At what exposure level does Gastrointestinal Syndrome start?
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1000 rem
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At what exposure level does Cerebrovascular Syndrome start?
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5000 rem
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What level of exposure produces temporary sterility?
Permanent sterility? |
250 rem
500 rem |
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What are the 3 categories of somatic (late) effects of radiation?
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Life shortening, leukemia, and other cancers.
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What was the result of the BEIR V committee?
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"Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation"
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What is the protection factor (PF) for a full-face, negative-pressure, SCBA?
What is the protection factor (PF) for a full-face, pressure-demand (positive pressure), SCBA? |
Negative Pressure - 50
Positive Pressure - 10,000 |
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What is the protection factor (PF) for a full-face, demand (negative pressure during inhalation), air-line respirator?
What is the protection factor (PF) for a full-face, continuous-flow, air-line respirator? |
Demand - 100
Continuous Flow - 1,000 |
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What is the protection factor (PF) for a half-mask, demand (negative pressure during inhalation), air-line respirator?
What is the protection factor (PF) for a half-mask, continuous-flow, air-line respirator? |
Demand - 10
Continuous Flow - 50 |
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What is the protection factor (PF) for a half-mask, negative pressure, air-purifying respirator?
What is the protection factor (PF) for a full-face, negative pressure, air-purifying respirator? |
Half Mask - 10
Full Face - 100 |
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What is the protection factor (PF) for a supplied air hood respirator?
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1,000
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Protective actions for nuclear accidents are grouped into which three time phases?
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Early, Intermediate, and Recovery
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The electron volt is a unit of energy equal to what?
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1.6E-19 Joules
1.6 x 10^-19 Joules |
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During the "early" phase of an accident, what effective dose equivalent should the limit be set at for emergency responders?
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5 rem
50 mSv |
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How do you increase X-Ray counts in a scintillation crystal?
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Thinning the crystal
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Federal regulations governing licensing and radiation safety for industrial radiographic operations can be found where?
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10 CFR 34
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What agency approves the design of respiratory protection devices?
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NIOSH
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What is the quality factor for a thermal neutron?
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2
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What regulation covers quality factors?
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10 CFR 20
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What is the FWHM value for a Cs-137 photopeak on a NaI system?
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50 keV
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The "source" of the majority of radon in the environment is generally from which of the following decay series?
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Uranium
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How does Cs-137 decay?
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By emitting beta particles of two different energies.
0.51 MeV (95%) 1.17 MeV (5%) |
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One RAD is equal to what?
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100 ergs/gram
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What is the term used to describe a process in which a number of fragments are emitted from an excited nucleus?
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Spallation
It literally means to "break apart". |
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When must a yellow II label be applied to a shipment?
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When surface radiation levels are greater than 50 mrem/hr or a TI greater than 1.0.
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What is covered by 10 CFR 19?
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Notices, Instructions, Reports to Workers
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What is covered by 10 CFR 20?
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Standards for Protection Against Radiation
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What is covered by 10 CFR 30?
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Licensing of By-Product Material
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What is covered by 10 CFR 35?
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Medical Use of By-Product Material
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How many disintegrations are in 1 curie?
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3.7E10 dps
3.7 x 10^10 dps |
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How do you convert roentgen to coulombs?
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1 roentgen = 1 R = 2.58E-4 coul/kg
1 R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg |
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What is absorbed dose defined as? What are its units?
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1 rad = 100 ergs of deposited energy per gram of absorber
1 Gray = 1 J/kg |
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What is the difference between the 6CEN and the 0.5CEN rule?
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6CEN - Results in exposure rate at 1 foot
0.5CEN - Results in exposure rate at 1 meter. |
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What is KERMA?
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Kinetic Energy Released per unit MAss
Desribes energy deposition by charged particles released by indirectly ionizing radiations. |
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What is the standard that applies to the safe use of lasers?
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ANSI Z136
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Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) is used in calculation of the maximum permissible exposure. The PRF is normally specified in terms of what?
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Hertz
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What is the FDA regulation for X-Ray tube leakage exposure?
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100 mrem/hr at 1 meter
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What are the 3 naturally occurring decay series (and the parents)?
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Thorium (Th-232) (4n)
Uranium (U-238) (4n+2) Actinium (U-235) (4n+3) |
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What is the thumbrule for individuals involved in a criticality accident?
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0.1 mr/hr using GM prove on individuals exposed during criticality accident is 15 rad
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What is the "specific effective energy" (SEE)?
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The energy absorbed per unit mass of the organ per disintegration of the radionuclide.
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Where can repiratory protection factors for airborne radioactive material be found?
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10 CFR 20 Appendix A
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Where can lists of derived air concentrations (DACs) and annual limits on intake (ALIs) be found?
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10 CFR 20 Appendix B
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Where can quantities of licensed materials that require labling be found?
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10 CFR 20 Appendix C
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Light greater than what wavelengths are absorbed in the cornea?
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1400 nm
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What is the transport index (TI)?
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The dose equivalent at one meter from the package surface.
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The "working level" (WL) as a unit of radon decay is equal to what?
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1 liter of air with emission of 1.3E5 MeV alpha.
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What is the range for alpha particles in air?
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Ra[cm] = 0.56E for E<4 MeV
Ra[cm] = 1.24E - 2.62 for 4<E<8 MeV |
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What is the density of air at STP?
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1.29E-3 g/cm^3
1.29 x 10^-3 g/cm^3 |
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What is transient equilibrium?
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P t1/2 > D t1/2
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When will a parent and daughter never reach equilibrium?
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P t1/2 < D t1/2
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What is secular equilbirium?
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P t1/2 >>> D t1/2
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What government document speficies the noble gas concetration range for PWRs and BWRs?
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Regulatory Guide 1.85
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Radiation exposure may cause what 3 types of effects?
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Tumor induction, fertility problems, and hereditary effects.
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The largest respirable particle is considered to be how large?
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10 microns
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The respiratory tract is divided into what three compartments?
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Nasopharynx
Tracheal/bronchial tree Pulmonary |
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The resonant frequency for the reference man is what?
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70 MHz
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Sample lines for plant vents should be designed to minimize sample line losses by?
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Maximizing velocity and diameter
Minimizing distance |
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How much tritium is permitted to be disposed of in sanitary sewege?
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5 Ci/yr
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The "end window" on a GM probe performs what function?
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It is the low Z material for alpha and beta detection.
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What is the maximum permitable dose to the public from a decommissioned nuclear reactor?
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0.25 mSv/yr
25 mrem/yr per 40 CFR Part 190 |
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Photon attenuation is the reduction in photon intensity by what 2 processes?
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Scattering and absorption processes.
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How many curies of K-40 does the reference man contain?
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1E-7 Ci
1 x 10^-7 Ci |
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How is a positron created?
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When a proton is converted into a neutron.
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What is the Total Organ Dose Equivalent (TODE)?
What is the limit? |
The sum of the deep dose equivalent and committed dose equivalent.
50 rem |
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What is the definition of a Very High Radiation Area (VHRA)?
Where is this regulation found? |
500 rads in 1 hour at 1 meter from the radiation source.
10 CFR 20 *** Notice it is rads/hr not rem/hr. Concerned with non stochastic effects at this level. |
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Gamma rays get their energy from what?
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Nuclear disintegrations
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What should be used after mild soap and water is used to remove surface contamination.
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Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
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When an ALI has been exceeded, when should the NRC be notified?
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Within 24 hours if it is greater than 1 ALI but less than 5 ALIs.
Immediately if it is greater than 5 ALIs. |
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When calculating stay times, what is the factor used for full occupancy?
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T = 1
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When calculating stay times, what is the factor used for partial occupancy?
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T = 1/4
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When calculating stay times, what is the factor used for occassional occupancy?
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T = 1/16
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What Beta energy will penetrate the dead layer of skin?
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70 keV
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What does the DOT consider to be not radioactive?
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0.002 uCi/gm
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the gonads?
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0.20
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the colon?
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0.12
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the lung?
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0.12
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the red bone marrow?
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0.12
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the stomach?
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0.12
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the bladder?
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0.05
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the breast?
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0.05
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the liver?
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0.05
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the esophagus?
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0.05
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What is the tissue weighting factor (according to ICRP 60) of the thyroid?
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0.05
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What is the BEIR V risk coefficient?
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8 x 10^-4 / rem
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What is the NUREG 8.29 risk coefficient?
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4 x 10^-4 / rem
* Includes an occupational risk reduction factor. |
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What is the ICRP 26 risk coefficient?
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1 X 10^-4 / rem
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According to ICRP 23, what is the reference man's breathing rate?
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2 x 10^4 mL/min
2E4 mL/min |
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How many liters are there per cubic foot?
How many milliliters are there per cubic foot? |
28.3 L / ft^3
28,300 cc / ft^3 |
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What is the ratio of polyethylene to human tissue?
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0.14 gm / 0.1 gm
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What is the average daily intake of water by the "reference man"?
Where is this value found? |
2.2 L
ICRP 23 |
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How many curies of K-40 are there in the reference man?
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100 nCi
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