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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arthrokinematics
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VCO- convex on concave= opposite
CVS- concave on convex = same |
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Muscle grading of Accessory Joint motion
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grade 0- ankylosed- fused
1- considerable hypomobility 2- slight hypomobility 3- normal 4- slight hypermbobility 5- considerable hypermobility 6- unstable |
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scapulothoracic rhythm
glenohumoral rhythm |
ratio of movement of the glenohumoral joint with the scapulothoracic joint= scacupohumoral rhythm
with 180 degree of abd, there is 2:1 ratio - first 30-60 degrees of elevation at GH joint - 120 deg of movement at GH joint - 60 dg of movement at ST joint |
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DJD
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- pain/ stiffness upon rising
- pain eases through morning _4 - 5 hours - pain increased with repetative bending activities ( - constant awareness of discomfort with episodes of exaccerbation - pain is more "sore" and "nagging" |
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Facet Joint
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- stiff upon rising, pain eases within an hour
- loss of motion, with pain - Pt will describe pain as sharp with certain movements - movement in pain free range usually reduces symptoms - stationary positions increase symptoms |
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Discal- nerve root compromise
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- no pain in reclined position
- pain increases with increasing weight bearing activities - describes pain as shooting, burning, stabbing - patient may describe altered strength or ability to perform ADL |
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Spinal stenosis
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- pain is related to position
- flexed position decreases pain, extended increases pain - describes symptoms as numbness, tightness, cramping - walking increases symptoms - pain may persist for hours after sitting |
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vascular claudication
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- consistent pain in all positions
- pain is brought on by physical exertion - pain is releved promptly with rest - pain is described as numbness - usually decreased pulses |
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Neoplastic disease
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- pain is described as gnawing, intense, penetrating
- pain not resolved by change in position, time of day, or activity level - pain will wake patient |
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Imaging: X- rays ( plain radiograph)
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- used to demonstrate bony tissues
-the more dense the structure, the whiter it will appear - inexpensive, radiation exposure to patient - requires 2 projections, not used for STD |
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Imaging: CT scan
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- uses plain film x-ray that are enhanced by computer to improve resolution
- tissue can be viewed multidirectional - used to assess compact fractures/facet dysfunction, disc disease, stenosis of canal - demo STD but not as well as MRI - fairly expensive, radiation exposure |
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Imaging: Discography
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- not commonly used,
- radiopaque dye inserted into disc to identify abnormalities - expensive and painful, risky |
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Imaging: MRI
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- no radiation, use of magnetic fields
- T1: demo fat within tissues, used to demo bony anatomy -T2: suppresses fat and demo tissues with high water content - soft tissue - fairly expensive |
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Arthrography
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invasive technique, injects water to affected area
- used to identify abnormalities within joints, tendon ruptures - expensive and risky |
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Imaging: bone scan
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- chemicals laced with radioactive tracers are injected
- demonstrates hot spots of increased Metobolic activity - identifies RA, bone CA, stress FX, infection in bone |
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Imaging: diagnostic US
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- transmission of high frequency sound waves
- limited by contrast resolution, small viewing field - interpretation is subjective - provides real time dynamic images - no harmful effects |
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Myelography
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invasive- dye injected to spinal canal
- seldom use, identifies stenosis - expensive |
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Special Test:
Yerganson's Test |
- test for integrity of transverse ligament in shoulder, possible bicipital tendinosis/pathy
- Pt sitting with shoulder at neutral, elbow at 90, forearm pronated - Resist supination of forearm and ER of shoulder findings: tendon of bicep long head will pop out of groove, can be painful |
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Special Test:
Speed's Test |
- identifies bicipital tendonitis/pathy
- pt sitting with UE in full extension and forearm supinated - resist shoulder flexion, or place shoulder in 90 flexion and push UE to extension - pain production in long head of biceps |
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Special Test:
Neer's Impingement test |
- impingement of long head of biceps and supraspinatous
- Pt sitting, and passively IR shoulder then fully abducted - reproduction of pain |
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Special Test:
Supraspinatus Test |
- identifies tear or impingement of supraspinatus tendon or possible suprascapular nerve neuropathy
- Pt sitting with shoulder abd to 90, no rotation. resist shoulder abduction - Place shoulder in "empty can position" - reproduces pain in supraspinatus tendon |
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Special Test:
Drop Arm Test: |
-identifies tear/full rupture of Rotator cuff
- Pt sitting with SHoulder passively abducted to 120 degrees. Ask pt to slowly drop arm - Pt unable to lower arm to side |
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Special Test:
Posterior internal impingement test |
- identifies RTC impingement at greater tuberosity
- Pt supine, move shoulder to 90 abduction, max ER, and 15-20 horiz adduction - reproduction of posterior shoulder |
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Special Test:
Clunk Test |
- glenoid labrum tear
- Pt supeine with shoulder in full ABD, push humeral head anterior while externally rotating shoulder - reproduction of pain/ clunk is audible |
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Special Test:
Anterior Apprehension Test |
- past history of anterior instability
- supine with shoulder abducted to 90, slowly take shoulder to ER -Pt doesnt allow it |
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Special Test:
Posterior Apprehension Test |
- past history of posterior instability
- supine with abd to 90, posterior force to shoulder via elbow with simultaneous IR and Horiz add - pt apprehensive |
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Special Test:
AC shear Test |
- dysfunction of AC joint
- Pt sitting with arms at side, clasps hands and compresses AC joint - Reproduction of AC joint pain |
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Special Test:
Adson Test |
- pathology of structures that pass through thoracic inlet
- pt sitting, find radial pulse of extremity, rotate head toward extremity, extend and ER shoulder while extending head - disappearance of pulse |
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Special Test:
Costoclavicular Test |
- pathology of structures that pass threw thoracic inlet
- Pt sitting, find radial pulse, move shoulder down and back - disappearance of pulse in UE |
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Special Test:
Wright (hyperabduction) test |
-- pathology of structures that pass threw thoracic inlet
- pt sitting, find radial pulse, move shoulder to max ABD/ ER; take deep breathe and rotate head opposite side - absence of pulse |
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Special Test:
Roos Test |
-- pathology of structures that pass threw thoracic inlet
- pt standing with shoulders fully ER, abd to 90, and open/ close hands for 3 min. - absence of pulse/ neurological symptoms |
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ULTT 1
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- depression and abduction 110
- elbow extension - forearm supination - wrist extension - finger extension - cervical spine opposite side flexion Nerve: median, AIN, c5 6 7 |
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ULTT2
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- depression and abduction 10
- elbow extension - forearm supination - wrist extension - fingers extended - shoulder ER - cervical spine- opposite side flexion nerve: median nerve, musculocutaneous, axillary nerve |
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ULTT3
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- depression and abduction 10
- elbow extension - forearm pronation - wrist flexion and ulnar deviation - shoulder IR c spine- opposite side flexion Nerve: radial |
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ULTT4
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-depression and abduction 10-90, hand to ear
- elbow flexion - forearm supination - wrist extension and radial deviation - finger extension - shoulder ER C spine- opposite side flexion Nerve: ulnar nerve, C8, and T1 nerve roots |
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SPecial tests: elbow
ligament laxity |
- place elbow in 0-20 flexion
- valgus force through elbow for UCL - Varus force for RCL |
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Special Tests: elbow
Lateral epicondylitis |
- lateral epicondylopathy
- Pt sitting with elbow in 90 of flexion and supported; resist wrist extension, radial deviation, and pronation with fingers fully flexed. - reproduces pain |
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Special Tests: elbow
Medial Epicondylitis |
- identifies medial epicondylopathy
- Pt sitting with elbow at 90 flexion, passively supinate forearm, extend elbow, and extend wrist - pain at medial epicondyle |
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Special Tests: elbow
Tinel's Sign |
- Identifies dysfunction of ulnar nerve
- tap region where the ulnar nerve passes through cubital tunnel - reproduces a tingling sensation |
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Special Tests: elbow
Pronator Teres syndrome Test |
- identifies median nerve entrapment within pronator teres
- Pt sitting with elbow at 90 flexion, supported; resist pronation and elbow extension simultaneously - tingling sensation at median nerve |
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Special Tests: Wrist and Hand
Finkelstein's Test |
- identifies de Quervian's (APL/ EPB)
- Pt makes fist with thumb within confines of fingers, Passively move wrist into ulnar deviation - can be painful bilat, so compare bilat |
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Special Tests: Wrist and Hand
Bunnel- Littler Test |
- identifies tightness in structures surrounding the MCP joints
- MCP joint is stabilized in slight extension while PIP joint is flexed. MCP joint is flexed and PIP is flexed - Differentiate between a tight capsule and tight intrinsic mm. Both cases are tight= capsular, >PIP tightness = intrinsic mm are tight |
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Special Tests: Wrist and Hand
Tight retinacular Test |
- identifies tightness around PIP joint
- PIP is stabilized in neutral while DIP is flexed. PIP is flexed and DIP is flexed - differentiate between tight capsule and retinacular ligaments; tight with both cases= capsular, if more flexion with PIP flexion = retinacular tightness |
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Special Tests: Wrist and Hand
Ligament Instability |
- identifies ligament laxity or restriction
- varus/valgas forces applied to PIP joints, repeat at DIPs - primary finding is laxity |
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Special Tests: Wrist and Hand
Froment's Sign- |
- identifies ulnar nerve dysfunction
- Pt grasps Paper between first and 2nd digits; pull paper out at look for IP flexion of thumb - compensation for weakness of APL, ulnar nerve dysfunction if unable to compensate |
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Special Tests: Wrist and Hand
Phalen's test |
- identifies carpal tunnel compression of median nerve
- Pt maximally flexes both wrists holding them against each other for 1 min. - reproduces tingling/ nerve sensation/ parasthesia |
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Special Tests: Wrist and Hand
2 point discrimination |
- identifies level of sensory innervation within hand
- device to palmar hand, record smallest difference between two points - normal is <6mm |
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Special Tests: Wrist and Hand
Allen Test |
- identifies vascular compromise
- Identify radial and ulnar arteries at wrist, Pt open/close hand several times, then keep fist. Occlude artery and hand Pt open hand - positive finding is abnormal filling of blood |
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Special Tests: HIp
Patrick's FABER test |
- identifies dysfunction of hip, mobility restriction
- position in FABER while in supine - positive test is involved knee is unable to assume relaxed position or + pain with movement |
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Special Tests: Hip
Scouring/ Grind Test |
- identifies DJD of hip
- Pt supine with hip at 90 flexion, and knee full flexion; place compressive load onto femur at knee joint - pain |
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Special Tests: Hip
Trendelenburg sign |
- weakness of gluteus medius and unstable hip
- Pt standing and asked to stand on one leg, flex opposite knee; Observe pelvis of stance leg - Positive when ipsilateral pelvis drops; weak abductors of Stance leg |
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Special Tests: Hip
Thomas test |
- identifies tightness of hip flexors
- supine with one knee maximally flexed to chest; opposite limb is kept straight, observe hip flexion of straight leg (+) is when straight leg's hip is flexed |
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Special Tests: Hip
Ober's Test |
- IT band tightnes/ TFL
- Pt sidelying with LE flexed at hip and knee; passively extend and abduct testing hip with knee at 90 flexion (+) if uppermost limb is unable to rest on table |
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Special Tests: Hip
Ely's Test |
- identifies tightness of rectus femoris
- pt prone with knee of testing limb flexed - (+) if knee of resting limb flexes |
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Special Tests: Hip
90-90 hamstring test |
- identifies tightness at hamstrings
- pt supine with hip and knee in 90 flexion, passively extend knee until barrier - (+) if knee unable to reach 10 degrees from neutral (lacking 10 degrees of extension) |
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Special Tests: Hip
Piriformis test |
- identifies tightness at piriformis
- pt supine with foot of testing leg on opposite knee; testing knee is adducted - (+) if knee is unable to pass over resting knee/ production of pain/ nerve sensation |
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Special Tests: Hip
Leg length test |
- LLD
- pt supine, measure distance from ASIS to lateral maleoulus on each limb and compare - determine True vs. functional; compensation vs. bony anatomy |
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Special Tests: Hip
Craig Test |
- identifies abnormal femoral antetorsion angle
- pt prone with knee flexed to 90, palpate greater troch and ER/IR hip; with greater troch at most lateral position, measure angle of leg relative to line perpendicular to table - normal angle is 8-15 internal rotation; less than 8 = retroverted, >15 anteverted hip |
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Special Tests: Knee
Collateral Instability |
- identifies ligament laxity
- Pt supine, with knee in 20-30 flexion. Valgus or varus force applied - primary finding is ligament laxity |
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Special Tests: knee
Lachman's test |
- identifies ACL integrity
- Pt supine with knee flexed 20-30, passively glide tibia anterior - positive if excessive anterior glide |
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Special Tests: Knee
Pivot Shift (anterolateral rotary instability) |
- identifies ACL laxity
- Pt supine with knee 20-30 flexion, with slight IR; hold knee with one hand and foot with the other hand; place valgus force through knee and flex knee - positive is ligament laxity, movement of tibia backward ` |
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Special Tests: knee
Posterior Sag Test |
- indicates integrity of PCL
- pt supine with hip flexed to 45, and knee flexed to 90 - positive is posterior sag of tibia relative to femur |
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Special Test: knee
Posterior Drawer |
- integrity of PCL
- Pt supine with hip flexed to 45 and knee to 90; passively glide tibia posterior - positive finding is excessive posterior glide |
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Special Test: knee
Reverse Lachman |
- identifies integrity of PCL
- Pt prone with knees flexed to 90, glide tibia posterior - positive finding is ligament laxity |
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Special Test: Knee
Mcmurry test |
- Identifies meniscal tears
- Pt supine with knee in max flexion, passively IR and extend knee for medial meniscus; ER and extend for lateral - reproduction of click/ pain |
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Special Test: knee
Apley Test |
- differentiates between meniscal and ligamentous tears
- pt prone with knee flexed to 90; distract knee joint and rotate tibia; apply load knee and rotate - (+) pain with compression is meniscal, (+) pain or decreased motion with distraction is ligamentous |
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Special Tests: knee
Hughston's Plica Test |
- identifies dysfunction of plica
- pt supine with knee max flexed and IR; passively glide patella medially, palpate femoral condyle for popping with passive flexion and extension of knee - (+) is pain/popping |
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Special Test: knee
Patellar Apprehension test |
- history of patellar dislocation
- Pt supine with patella passively glided laterally - Pt does not allow, pain/discomfort |
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Special Test: Knee
Clark's sign |
- indicates patellofemoral dysfunction
-Pt supine with knee in extension, push posterior on superior pole of patella; ask pt to actively contract quads - pain/discomfort |
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Special Test: Knee
Ballotable patella |
- indicates infra-patellar effusion
- pt supine with knee in extension, apply soft tap over central patella - (+) dancing patella |
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Special Test: knee
Fluctuation Test |
- knee joint effusion
- Pt supine with knee in extension, place one hand over supra-patellar pouch and other over anterior aspect of joint. - Positive is fluctuation of fluid |
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Special test: knee
Q Angle |
- measure angle between the quads and patellar tendon
- normal is 13 for men, 18 women - angles <> normal can be indicative of knee dysfunction |
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Special Test: knee
noble Compression test |
- identifies whether distal IT band friction syndrome is present
- Pt supine with hip flexed to 45, knee flexed to 90. apply pressure to lateral femoral condyle then extend knee - pain over lateral femoral condyle at 30 flexion |
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Special Test: knee
Tinel's sign |
- dysfunction of common fibular nerve
- tap region where CFN passes through posterior to fibular head - tingling/parenthesis into leg |
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Special tests: Ankle
Neutral subtalar positioning |
- abnormal rearfoot to forefoot positioning
- pt prone with foot over edge of table; palpate talus on both sides, grasp lateral forefoot; DF until resistance is felt - find neutral position, compare sides |
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Special Tests: ankle
Anterior Drawer test |
- ligamentous instability( ATFL)
- Pt supine with heel of edge of mat, 20 PF; pull talus anterior - excessive glide of talus anteriorly |
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Special Test: ankle
Talar Tilt |
- ligament laxity of calcaneofibular ligament
- Pt sidelying, move foot into adduction for calcaneocuboid ligament and abduction for deltoid ligament |
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Special Test: Ankle
Thompson test |
- integrity of Achilles tendon
- Patient prone with foot of edge of table , squeeze calf muscles - (+) with no movement of foot |
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Special Test: Ankle
Tinnel's sign |
- dysfunction of posterior tibial nerve, post to medial malleolus
- Pt supine with foot supported on table; tap over region of posterior tibial nerve as passes through post. medial malleolus. - tingling/ parasthesia |
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Special Tests: ankle
morton's test |
- identifies stress fracture or neuroma in forefoot
- Pt supine with foot supported on table. Grasp around metatarsal heads and squeeze - (+) with pain in forefoot |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Vertebral Artery Test |
- assess vertebrobasilar vascular system
- Pt supine with head supported 1) extend head/ neck for 30 seconds, note D's 2) Extend head/neck and rotate for 30 seconds 3) Extend head/ neck off table for 30 seconds 4) Extend head/ neck off table and rotate for 30 seconds * must do prior to any cervical mob, manip |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Hauttant's Test |
- differentiates vascular vs vertigo
- Pt sitting with shoulders at 90 with palms up, pt closes eyes and remain for 30 seconds; note whether arms lose position; vestib if lose position - Pt sitting with shoulders at 90, pt close eyes and cue to extend neck and rotate right and left for 30 seconds; vascular if lose position |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Transverse Ligament Test |
- assess integrity of transverse ligament
- Pt supine with head supported; glide c2-c7 anterior, should be firm end feel - soft end feel, also 5 d's |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Anterior Shear Test |
- integrity of upper cervical spine
-- Pt supine with head supported; glide c2-c7 anterior, should be firm end feel - (+) is laxity of ligament, also d's |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Foraminal Compression ( Spurling's Test) |
- identifies dysfunction of nerve root, most likely compression
- Pt sitting, head SB toward uninvolved side; apply pressure through head straight down. Repeat to other side. - (+) is pain/parasthesia |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Maximum Cervical Compression Test |
- Identifies compression of neural structures at intervertebral foramen/ facet.
- Pt sitting, passively move head into SB and rotation toward non painful side, follow with EXT. Repeat to other side - (+) pain/ parasthesia in dermatomal pattern, localized neck pain for facet |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Distraction Test |
- indicates compression of neural structures
- Pt sitting with head passively distracted - (+) is decreased pain in neck - facet; decreased UE pain - neurological |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Shoulder ABD test |
- indicates compression of neural structures within intervertebral foramen
- Pt sitting and asked to place one hand on top of their head, Repeat on other side - (+) is decrease symptoms into UE |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Lhermitte's Sign |
- identifies Spinal cord dysfunction, UMN lesion
- Pt long sitting, passively flex pt's head and one hip while keeping knee in extension - (+) pain down spine and into UE/LEs |
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Special Tests: Cervical
Romberg Test |
- identifies UMN lesion
- Pt standing, close eyes for 30 seconds - (+) excessive swaying |
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Special Tests: Thoracic
Rib Spring |
- rib mobility
- Pt prone apply ant/post spring, same in Sidelying (+) pain, instability |
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Special Tests: Thoracic
Slump Test |
- dysfunction of neurological structures supplying LE
- Pt sitting at EOT 1. pt slump sits 2. passively flex neck 3. passively extend one knee 4. repeat with opposite leg - (+) reproduction of neuro symptoms |
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SI dysfunction: activities that precipitate
Anterior torsion of innominate |
- squatting/lifting
- pregnancy -hip at 90 with axial loading - golfing/batting/tennis |
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SI dysfunction: activities that precipitate
Posterior torsion of innominate |
- vertical thrust onto extended LE
- sprint starting position - fall onto ischial tub - unilateral standing |
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SI dysfunction: activities that precipitate
Sacral Dysfunction |
- long term postural abnormalities
- fall onto sacrum - carrying a load during ambulation - trauma during childbirth - loss of balance during ambulation - sitting combined with rotation and lifting |
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Lumbar Special Tests:
Laseque's Test ( SLR ) |
- dysfunction of neuro structures that supply LE
- Pt supine with LE resting on table; passively flex hip of one leg with knee extended until shooting pain; slowly lower limb until no pain, then DF ankle (+) is reproduction of neuro symptoms with DF |
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Lumbar Special Tests:
Femoral Nerve traction test |
- compression of femoral nerve
- Pt lies on non painful side with trunk in neutral; head slightly flexed, and hip/ knee slightly flexed; passively extend hip while knee of painful limb is in extension. if no pain, flex knee (+) pain in anterior thigh |
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Lumbar Special Tests:
Babinski |
- UMN lesion
- (+) extension of big toe and abduction with stroking plantar surface of foot |
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Lumbar Special Tests:
Quadrant Test |
- compression of neural structures at IV foramen and facet
- IV foramen: Pt standing, cue pt to SB left, Rotation Left, and Extension to maximally close IV foramen, repeat. - facet: SB left, rotation right, extension to maximally compress facet joint on left (+) pain/ parasthesia in dermatomal pattern for involved root |
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Lumbar Special Tests:
Stork standing test Valsava maneuver * |
- identifies spondylolisthesis
- stand on uni leg and extend spine (+) pain while standing on ipsi leg |
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Lumbar Special Tests:
McKenzie side glide test |
- differentiates between scoliotic and neurological dysfunction causing lateral shift
- Pt standing, stand on side of Pt with shifted upper trunk towards you; place shoulders at their upper trunk and pull pelvis towards you (+) reproduction of neuro symptoms as alignment corrected |
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Lumbar Special Tests:
Bicycle ( van gelderen's test) |
- differentiates between intermittent claudication and stenosis
- Pt seated on bicycle, rides bike while sitting erect and time how long and speed. Repeat in slumped position. - differentiate time, with stenosis pt will be able to ride longer with slump |
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Special Tests: SI
Gillet's Test - posterior Ipsilateral anterior rotation test- anterior |
- assess posterior movement of ilium relative to sacrum
- (+) is no identified movement of PSIS as compared to sacrum |
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Gaenslen's Test
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- identifies SI dysfunction
- Pt sidelying at EOT while bottom leg in hip flexion/knee flexion; passively extend hip of top LE. -(+) pain in SI |
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Goldthwait's Test
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differentiates between SI and lumabr dysfunction
- pt supine with fingers in between spinous processes of lumbar spine . have pt perform SLR - pain prior to palpation is SI |
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Gait:
Heel Strike : hip |
Hip: 20-40 degrees flexion, moving towards extension ;
External Forces: reaction force in front of joint, forward pelvic rotation, flexion moment moving toward extension Internal Forces: glut max and hamstring working eccentrically to resist flexion moment, ES working eccentrically to resist spine flexion |
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Gait:
Heel Strike : Knee |
knee in full extension, going towards flexion as heel strikes
tibia external rotation- FITE - extension External forces: forces behind knee joint Internal Forces: quadriceps eccentrically control knee flexion and prevent buckling |
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Gait:
Heel Strike : foot and ankle |
foot - supination (rigid)
Ankle- moving into PF External forces: forces behind axis, PF moment Internal forces: Tib anterior and DF eccentrically to slow PF |
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Gait:
Foot Flat : Hip |
hip going towards extension, adduction, IR
EF: flexion moment IF: Glut Max and Hamstrings contract concentrically to bring hip to extension |
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Gait:
Foot Flat : knee |
knee- 20 degrees flexion moving toward extension
tibia- tibia IR (FETI) EF: flexion moment IF: quadriceps concentrically contract to extend knee ( bring femur over tibia) |
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Gait:
Foot Flat : Foot/ ankle |
Foot- pronation (flexible)
Ankle- PF to DF over fixed foot EF: max PF moment, forces shift anterior bring DF moment IF: PF mm ecentrically contracting to control DF over fixed foot |
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Gait:
midstance : Hip |
- neutral position, pelvis rotated posteriorly
- EF: reaction forces behind joint, extension moment IF: iliopsoas |
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Gait:
midstance: knee |
knee- 15 degrees flexion, moving toward extension
Tibia- ER EF: forces anterior to joint causing extension moment IF: PF concentrically to start knee flexion |
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Gait
Midstance: foot and ankle |
Foot- nuetral
ankle- 3 degrees of DF EF: slight DF moment IF:PF mm ecentrically contracting to control DF over fixed foot |
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Gait
Toe off: Hip |
moving toward 10 extension, abd, ER
EF: decrease Extension moment IF: adductor magnus eccentrically working to stabilize pelvis, iliopsoas activity |
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Gait
Toe off: knee |
knee- extension to 40 degrees flexion
Tibia- ER EF: forces posterior to joint, flexion moment IF: quads contract eccentrically |
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Gait
Heel off : foot and ankle Toe Off: foot and ankle |
heel off: supination as foot becomes rigid for push off, ankle in 15 degrees PF
IF: max DF moment EF: PF mm concentrically contract to prepare for pUsh off toe off : foot supination, ankle 20 degrees PF EF: DF momemnt IF: PF concentrically at max peak |
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Gait :
Swing Phase- accelerated to midswing |
Hip: flight flexion- 0-15 deg moving to 30;
- hip flexors concentrically contracting to bring limb through, contralateral glut to stabilize pelvis knee: 30-60 degrees flexion and ER of tibia - hamstring concentrically contracting Ankle/foot: 20 deg DF, slight pronation - DF concentrically contracting |
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Gait :
Swing Phase- Midswing to Deceleration |
hip- 30- 40 flexion
- gluts eccentrically contract to slow hip flexion Knee- moving to near full extension, tibial ER - quads concentrically contract and Hamstrings eccentrically contract Ankle/foot- ankle in neutral, foot in supination - DF contract isometrically |
