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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Arbitrary
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bearing no physical resemblance to their referents.
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Onomatopoeia
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exception to arbitrary, words that sound like the events they represent (e.g., buzz, zip, crunch).
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Paralinguistic codes
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prosody/suprasegmentals.
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Nonlinguistic cues
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proxemics (personal space).
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Vocal Tract (7)
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1)Larynx 2)Pharynx 3)Velum 4)Tongue 5)Teeth 6)Lips 7)Oral and nasal cavities.
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Resonance
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modifying vocal tone as it passes through the vocal tract.
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Symbols of language
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carry substance of the message.
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Dialectal variations
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be phonological, lexical or grammatical.
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The sender
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encodes/produces the message.
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The receiver
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listens, decodes and comprehends the message.
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Sociolinguists definition of language
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language is a social tool and does not exist separately from social interaction.
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Behaviorists definition of language
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language is verbal behavior that is learned through social consequence.
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Psycholinguists of language
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language represents the underlying mental rules (grammar) for arranging symbols (words) to represent ideas about the world.
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grammar
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structure/form. speakers ordering of words and word parts in sentences. Morphology and Syntax.
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Morphemes
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smallest elements of language that carry meaning; cannot be subdivided without losing their original meaning (e.g., single phoneme “I” or a word “envelope”).
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Derivational
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Morpheme that changes the grammatical category of the free morpheme to which they are attached (-ly + quick (adj.)=quickly (adv.).
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Inflectional
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Morpheme that alters the meaning of the free morpheme without deriving a new grammatical category such as in suffixes (-s, ’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed).
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Do children develop derivational or inflectional morphemes first?
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Inflectional morphemes.
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Syntax
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specifies rules for sequencing words to form phrases and sentences.
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Passive sentence
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subject is the passive recipient of the action in the verb.
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Imperative sentence
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expresses a command while omitting the sentence subject
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semantics
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meaning/content. Vocabulary, lexicon, memory, word relations.
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Lexicon
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all morphemes including word and words parts that a speaker knows.
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Episodic memory
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memory of successive experiences related to that word’s meaning.
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Semantic memory
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collection of related words and concepts associated with a word to aid in understanding of the word (e.g., doctor…related words –sick, hospital, nurse, shot, helps to understand and expand on the meaning of doctor).
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Hyponyms
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meaning of one word contains the meaning of another word, the superordinate (chair-furniture).
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"Daddy hit the ball" What part of speech is daddy?
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Agent.
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"The ball hit Daddy" What part of speech is daddy?
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Dative.
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dative
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an animate affected by the verb.
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Pragmatics
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Use/function. Social. closest to the heart of communication b/c speakers will use their language for intended goals.
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Performatives
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the utterance performs the intended act such as promising or teasing
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Speech act
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all utterances are conceived as performing some act. Requesting, labeling, answering, repeating, and practicing
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Direct speech act
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an utterance that has only one meaning.
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Indirect speech act
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several possible interpretations for the utterance.
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alternation
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Using different words or sentence forms to achieve the same result.
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Social context
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plays a role in how the goal is achieved in different situations (how formal or informal the situation is).
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Linguistic context
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the information and utterances that have preceded an utterance can affect what the speaker says in subsequent utterances.
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Discourse components (4)
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1)topic initiation 2)turn taking 3)topic maintenance 4)repairs.
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According to the cooperation principle each participant must (4)
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1)Include an appropriate quality of information 2)Adequate quality of truthfulness 3)Relevant to the established topic 4)Delivered in a manner that is clear and understandable.
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