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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Conectors 1- time 2- place 3- contrast 4- because 5- manner 6- condition
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1- Time: 》when, while هنگامی که، در حین = during the time that sth is happening Best format: while (past continuous) , (simple past) Ex: while/whilst I was waiting at the bus stop, three buses went by in the opposit direction.
bus --- buses (also US busses)
》since از زمانی که Best format: (present perfect) since (simple past) Ex: I've worked here since I was 20 years old. Ex: We've been living here since I was born.
》by the time تازمانی که Ex: I don't forget you by the time I'm alive. ---------------------------------- 2- place: where , wherever Ex: I like to live where the road crosses the rivers. Ex: wherever you go, you make a lot of troubles.
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4- contrast
》Despite/In spite of (noun/gerund) , (sentences) Ex:Despite/In spite of her age, she's so active. Ex:Despite/In spite of being rich, she's stingy. /stıngi/ خسیس
》Although/Even though (sentences) , (sentences) Ex: Although/Even though I was tired, I decided to take a trip.
》Regardless of the fact that (sentences) , (sentences) این برای جاهای خیلی خیلی رسمی خوبه Ex: Regardless of the fact that you have all qualifications, I don't have tendency to hire you. --------------------------------------------- 4- because
》Because of/Owing to(noun/gerund) , (sentences) Ex: Owing to/Because of many social problems, I want to leave my country. Ex:Because of his wife being there, I said nothing about it. 》Because/As (sentences) , (sentences) Ex: I did it Because/as he told me. Ex: She may need some help because/as she's new.
--------------------------------------------- 6- condition If / Providing that / provided that میشه that رو هم حذف کرد. اسلاید جمات شرطی Ex: You can get a good score providing that you study hard Ex: providing/provided no one has any questions, we can finish the lesson.
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Conditional sentences |
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Paraphrasing |
1- passive 2- complex sentence 3- adv 4- collocation Ex: Exercise is good for health. (4) Passive: Your health can be improved by exercise. (4.5) Collocation: your health cannot be improved withot taking up exercise. (5-5.5) Adv: health and exercise are intimately iterworen. (6) Complex: Its is intcontrovortibly conceded by all that health cannot be improved divorce from regulated exercise. (7) 》intimately: (adv)/ıntımətli/ : in a very close and friendly way. 》intimately connected/linked/related/involved : connected or involved in a very close way. Ex: the two issues are intimately connected. 》incontrovertibly: (adv) (formal) /ınka:ntrə:ve:rtəbli/ : in a way that connot be disagreed or denied. مسلما، Incontrovertible (adj) /ınka:ntrə:ve:rtəbl/ (formal) مسلم،غیر قابل بحث، بی چون و چرا Ex: Her books shows incontrovirtibly that he was innocent. 》Concede(v) /kənsi:d/ : to admit that sth is true, logical, etc. تصدیق کردن |
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Complex sentences که در آن که از آن که به آن که بوسیله آن که بدون آن که براساس آن |
1- in which / at which که در آن Ex: She has an illness in which she loses her body cells gradually. Ex: The society in which peaple do not feel safe is not a good place for living. 2- from which که از آن Ex: It's a material from which many drugs can be taken. 3- to which که به آن Ex: It's a project to which much attention to be devoted. 4- by which / via which /vi:ə/ or /'vaıə/ که بوسیله آن Ex: Money is something by which you can do whatever you want. 5- without which که بدون آن Ex: Patience is a criterion without which you cannot get successfull. 》criterion /kraı'təriən/ .......... (Plural) : criteria /kraı'təriə/ 6- upon which / based on which /ə'pa:n/ که بر اساس آن Ex: It's a law based on which criminals can be punished. |
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Respect sb |
بعد از respect حرف اضافه to نمیاد. Ex: Respect our parents is important. Ex: Our parents have done a lot of things for us without which we could not be able to get successfull, so they deserve to be respected. Ex: Human spirit can be developed by reading books. Ex: Reading book has a lot of advantages by which peaple csan improve their knowledge. |
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Writing Agree/disagree Introduction
اول brainstorm انجام میدیم و ۴ جمله بصورت زیر مینویسیم. میتونیم idea رو هم در جمله پارافریز وارد کنیم و سه جمله بنویسیم.
Generalization. Paraphrasing. Idea. Motivation.
Ex: Many peaple believe that home-made food is better than restaurant food. Do you agree or disagree.
》برای قسمت تاپیک در اینجا در رابطه با food می نویسیم و نه در باره چیزه دیگه ای 》با کلمات اصلی در سوال، متن سوال را پارافریز میکنیم. 》میشه نظر خودمون را هم در همان بخش پارافریز بنویسیم. 》یک جمله مینویسیم که مخاطب را نسبت به خواندن ادامه متن ترغیب کند.
1- brainstorm: health & price در این قسمت دو دلیلی که میاریم باید اولا منطقی باشند (logical)، و دوما در موردشون ایده داشته باشیم که بتونیم بنویسیم (enogh idea)و سوما دارای همپوشانی نباشند (overlap).
2- G: Nowadays, nutrition is widely considered as a pivotal element of life.
》pivotal: /'pıvətəl/ ==essential
3- Paraphras (& Idea) : Althlhough many peaple, me included, prefer to make their food domestically, restaurant seat are never found vacant.
》 domestic (adj) /də'mestık/ [only before noun]: - used in home; can connected with the home or famkly. Ex: domestic chores/violence. خشونت خانگی -of or inside a particular country; not foreign or international. (Opposite: foreign)
4: Idea : - I agree/disagree with .... - I belong to ... - I subscribe to...
》subscribe to sth /səbs'kraıb/ : (Phrasal verbs) (formal) to agree with or support an opinion, a theory, etc. = believe in sth.
5- Motivation: In the susequent paragraphs more explanation will be provided.
》subsequent: (adj)(formal) /'sabsıkwənt/: happening or coming after sgh else. (Opposite: previous) Ex: subsequent generations.
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Body: خط اول هر پاراگراف بادی را topic sentence میگن (king) که مهمترین جمله در ایم پاراگراف است و باید موارد زیر در آن رعایت شود. 1- short 2- clear 3- hefty words (کلمات خفن) 4- starter (دارای استارتر باشد)
》 استارترها برای بادی اول: - Firstly, .... - For one thing, .. - To begin with,...
》 استارترها برای بادی دوم:- Secondly, ....- For another thing, ..- In spite of what was said anove,...
Ex: Firstly, preaparing healthy food is a primary consideration among peaple.
》 For improve cohesion and coherence in writing use :
》برای توضیح بیشتر - To explain more, ... - To elaborate on it, .... /ı'læbəreıt/ - To clarify it, .... To clarify it, ....
》برای مثال - For instance,... - To provide an example,.. - As a prototype,...
》خلاصه سازی 》To put it simply,.... /'sımpli/ - That is to say....
》تضادها - In contrast, ... - On the contrary,... - Despite - In spite of
》برای اطلاعات بیشتر - In adition, .. - Furthermore,... - Moreover,...
》بنابراین - As a result,... بعد از این معمولا جمله با مفهوم یا نتیجه مثبت میاد. - Consequently,... - As a consequence,... بلد از این دوتا جمله با مفهوم منفی میاد. -Therefor,... -Thus,... بعد از این دوتا فرقی نمیکنه مثبت یا منفی. Thus یکم حرفه ای تره
Body1: Ex: Firstly, preaparing healthy food is a primary consideration among peaple. To explain more, ........................ . To provide an example, ................................................ . Thus, ..................................... .
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در مقاله هایی که نظرمون رو میخوان بهتره که اگر دو تا نظر موافق در بادی ۱ و بادی ۲ دادیم یک پاراگراف کوتاه هم در مخالفت بنویسیم. به این پاراگراف کوتاه concession میگن. میشه از فرمت زیر برای این پاراگراف استفاده کرد. It might be said that ........................ . Despite this ........................... . مثال) بازنشستگی بهترین دوره زندگی هر انسانی است. موافق یا مخالف هستین؟؟
It might be said that retirement is the best time of our life even though some peaple suppose that it is a part of our life full of depression and illness. Conclusion: شامل سه بخش Sarter, rephrase, suggestion 1- starter: 》To conclude, ..... 》By way of conclusion, ..... 》 All things considered, .... 》 To sum up, ..... Ex: To sum up, not only is home-prepared meal healthier, but also it is more cost-effective. So, we are obliged to remove unhealthy food and have organic meal instead. در این مثال اگر در بادی ۱ و ۲ نظرات موافق نوشتیم در پاراگراف ۴ این رو بنویسیم: It might be said that retirement is the best time of our life even though some peaple suppose that it is a part of our life full of depression and illness. Conclusion: شامل سه بخش Sarter, rephrase, suggestion 1- starter: 》To conclude, .....》By way of conclusion, .....》 All things considered, ....》 To sum up, ..... Ex:To sum up, not only is home-prepared meal healthier, but also it is more cost-effective. So, we are obliged to remove unhealthy food and have organic meal instead. 》 oblige (v)(formal)/ə'blaıج/- oblige sb to do sth: to force sb to do sth, by law, because it is duty, etc. Ex: Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school.- to help sb by doing what they asked or what you know they want. Ex: Would you oblige me with some information? (oblige sb with sth) Ex: Oblige me by keeping your suspicions to yourself. (oblige sb by doing sth) 》suspicion (n)/sə'spıshn/بدگمانی، سوظن 》 oblige (v)(formal)/ə'blaıج/ - oblige sb to do sth: to force sb to do sth, by law, because it is duty, etc. 》To conclude, .....》By way of conclusion, .....》 All things considered, ....》 To sum up, ..... Ex:To sum up, not only is home-prepared meal healthier, but also it is more cost-effective. So, we are obliged to remove unhealthy food and have organic meal instead. 》 oblige (v)(formal)/ə'blaıج/- oblige sb to do sth: to force sb to do sth, by law, because it is duty, etc. Ex: Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school.- to help sb by doing what they asked or what you know they want. Ex: Would you oblige me with some information? (oblige sb with sth) Ex: Oblige me by keeping your suspicions to yourself. (oblige sb by doing sth) 》suspicion (n)/sə'spıshn/بدگمانی، سوظن 》To conclude, .....》By way of conclusion, .....》 All things considered, ....》 To sum up, ..... Ex:To sum up, not only is home-prepared meal healthier, but also it is more cost-effective. So, we are obliged to remove unhealthy food and have organic meal instead. 》 oblige (v)(formal)/ə'blaıج/- oblige sb to do sth: to force sb to do sth, by law, because it is duty, etc. Ex: Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school.- to help sb by doing what they asked or what you know they want. Ex: Would you oblige me with some information? (oblige sb with sth) Ex: Oblige me by keeping your suspicions to yourself. (oblige sb by doing sth) 》suspicion (n)/sə'spıshn/بدگمانی، سوظن 》To conclude, .....》By way of conclusion, .....》 All things considered, ....》 To sum up, ..... Ex:To sum up, not only is home-prepared meal healthier, but also it is more cost-effective. So, we are obliged to remove unhealthy food and have organic meal instead. 》 oblige (v)(formal)/ə'blaıج/- oblige sb to do sth: to force sb to do sth, by law, because it is duty, etc. Ex: Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school.- to help sb by doing what they asked or what you know they want. Ex: Would you oblige me with some information? (oblige sb with sth) Ex: Oblige me by keeping your suspicions to yourself. (oblige sb by doing sth) 》suspicion (n)/sə'spıshn/بدگمانی، سوظن 》To conclude, .....》By way of conclusion, .....》 All things considered, ....》 To sum up, ..... Ex:To sum up, not only is home-prepared meal healthier, but also it is more cost-effective. So, we are obliged to remove unhealthy food and have organic meal instead. 》 oblige (v)(formal)/ə'blaıج/- oblige sb to do sth: to force sb to do sth, by law, because it is duty, etc. Ex: Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school.- to help sb by doing what they asked or what you know they want. Ex: Would you oblige me with some information? (oblige sb with sth) Ex: Oblige me by keeping your suspicions to yourself. (oblige sb by doing sth) 》suspicion (n)/sə'spıshn/بدگمانی، سوظن Ex: Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school. - to help sb by doing what they asked or what you know they want. Ex: Would you oblige me with some information? (oblige sb with sth)
Ex: Oblige me by keeping your suspicion ns to yourself. (oblige sb by doing sth) (oblige sb by doing sth) 》suspicion (n)/sə'spıshn/بدگمانی، سوظن 》suspicion (n)/sə'spıshn/ بدگمانی، سوظن |
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نکته: |
۱- هر دلیلی که آورده شد باید براش چرایی (why) و چگونگی (how) آن توضیح داده شود. آوردن دلایل پشت سر هم بدون توضیح تتثیر منفی داره و باتر است مثلا در هر بادی دو یا سه تا دلیل بهمراه توضیحات آورده شود. ۲- فاصله بین ترنزیشن ها نباید کم باشه. 3- make sb do sth بعد از فعل make دیگه to نیارم. ۴- بعد از one of اگر اسم قابل شمارش اومد باید بصورت جمع بیاد. ۵- بعد از صفت همیشه فعل با to میاد. It's nice to meet you. ۶- در نوشتار بجای rather از would rather استفاده کنم چون رسمی تره. 7- to be able to ..... Ex: I was able to do ...... |
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