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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Windover Site |
Early Archaic (6000-5000BCE) Skeletal Remains preserved by peat bog Out of 160 remains, 80 had brain tissue! Drilled sharks tooth, bone awls, dog tooth, |
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Early Archaic |
Example: Windover Site No domesticated plants and animals except for dogs- too busy moving Dense bands travelling extensive regions Stone tools carried over 300 miles from raw sources |
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Middle Archaic |
Drier climate caused expansion of pine forest and increase in backwater, shoal for shellfish Interpersonal violence and warfare Canoes Mortuary ceremony and more "complex" Increase in Sedentism |
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Archaic |
Example: Black Earth Site Middens, continuous long-term occupation Fish turtles rabbits deer hickory Projectile points, drills, scrapers, groundstones |
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Black Earth Site |
Archaic Cemetery- 154 burials, 20% infants Life expectancy- males 32, females 38 Utilitarian (useful not pretty) tools, ornamental, and ceremonial goods Males buried with hunting tools & ornamentals Females with food processing, needles scrapers |
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Late Archaic |
Example: Poverty Point sedentsary coastal groups produce pottery ground + polished stone tools storage facilities ceramic and stone cooking vessels Expansion of wetland habitats |
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Poverty Point |
Late Archaic Trade- copper jasper quartz soapstone Each site produced certain items Hoes, plummets, ornaments, depending on raw Fishing, reptiles, clams, oysters, large mammals Earth ovens Soapstone and ceramic vessels |
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Seed Plant Agriculture |
Squash, bottle gourds, sunflower and marsh elder domesticated around 4000 years ago Bottle gourds are indigenous to asia Maize introduced 2000-1800 years ago |
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Newt Kash and Cloudsplitter Rock Shelters, Kentucky |
Evidence of reliance on wild seeds coprolites indicate goosefoot seeds |
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Mammoth cave, Kentucky |
Evidence of reliance on wild seeds Coprolites reveal wild seeds about 2,200 years ago |
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Container revolution |
4500 years ago, thick fiber-tempered pottery vessels associated with seeds 3000 years ago, thinner wall vessel= seeds become substantial food sourcehttp://www.cram.com/flashcards/edit/7989152 |
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Theory on Maize agriculture |
Slow adoption of maize Stable carbon isotopes in human bone reveal no heavy reliance on maize until 800-900 years AFTER it was introduced (i.e. nobody cared) |
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Hopewell culture |
Northeastern and Midwestern woodland 2200-1600 years ago Domesticated- tobacco (1300BP) maize, squash, beans, turkey, sunflowers etc. Foraged/hunted deer, squirrels, fish, mussels Single Family Homesteads Charnel houses contained burials of elite- burned when full Commoners cremated Centralized power, redistribution of resources |
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Ewell III Tennessee |
Example of Hopewell site Large house floor storage pits and hearths grinding stones Pottery- squat vessels with thickened rims and animal designs |
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Newark Mounds Ohio |
Example of Hopewell Site Geometric earthworks- giant, raised shapes (circle and octogon) associated with burials and rituals |
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Mississppian Culture |
900 years ago (BP) to European contact Floodplain adaptation Mounds Reliance on Maize farming Still hunted/gathered wild food sources Central storage and centralized power Low and high level chiefs Southern cult-elite burials Highly religious surrounding fertility ancestors and maintaining elite power |
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Cahokia |
Example of Mississippian culture Largest city in North America (around 30,000 people!) Highly stratified beginning with highest of elite to second highest of elite all the way to rural homesteads Monk's Mound associated with harvest- largest mound in the site Bird man burial- elite buried with cool shell pile in the shape of bird with sacrifices Woodhenge- like chaco, measured solstices and equinoxes |
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Cahokia Vs. Chaco |
Cahokia- 30,000 inhabitants with elite burials Largest city in North America by Native Americans Chaco- ritual center with noevidence of habitation, more like a mecca of sorts In common: woodhenge and Chaco both measure out equinoxes and solstices for ceremonial significance, both abandoned within same time frame, extensive trade |
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Binford's theory on agricultre |
Crowded by migrants Population changes prime mover |
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Emil Haury |
Highland Corrider theory -Cave sites in highlands and moist conditions= casual adoption with drought-resistant variety change to more sedentary life |
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Minis' Opportunity Model |
familiar with wild grasses so adoption of maize was like any other grass Apache model |
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Will's intensive land use theory |
Adoption of maize was not casual because of formalized burial, storage containers, middens |
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Harris Site |
Harris site- brown pottery, storage pits, hearths early site Mogollon |
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Snake Town |
Hohokam Irrigated canals, dry famring, Desert farming slanted so rainfall drains |
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Anasazi |
Waffle gardens Masonry Pueblos New Mexiso ish region |
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Chaco Canyon |
Great Houses, small houses outlier houses multistoried 216 roomed houses kivas chaco roads labor intensive redistribution or consumption? |
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Pueblo bonito |
700 rooms and 40 kivas 56000 turquose pieces, 35 mcaws and parrots copper burials with elite goods |
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Warfare during Pueblo |
Evidence of burnings, killings, massacres |
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Mesa Verde |
Peublos and pit houses Chaco people are moving into pueblos? Defensive? Resource depletion? |
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Push factors |
Drought Little Ice Age Shortened growing seas Driest on modern record colorado |
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Pull factors |
Movement to land that can be irrigated like rio grande reliable summer rain spiritual |
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Casas Grandes |
Like Mesoamerican Ritual sacreifices Canals First resevior- box of turquoise at center Sewage and channels Ballcourts Evidence of elites Mcaws breeding |
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Bat Cave |
earliest sing of maize |
