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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are "Norman's rules of survival" on the foreground? |
1) Never put yourself in a position where you are depending on someone else to come and get you. |
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As a minimum, when should roll call be ordered?
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1) When a PASS Device has been activated. |
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What is a BLEVE?
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Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
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When an effective offensive attack isn't possible or hasn't succeed within _______ minutes, prepare defensive positions.
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20 |
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What is when all surfaces and objects in a room or area are heated to their ignition temperature and flames develop on all contents and combustible surfaces at once?
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Flashover |
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What is an overhang supported from only one end, where one floor extends beyond and over a foundation wall called?
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Cantilever
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Place in order the 5 classes of building construction from most resistant to collapse to least resistant?
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1) Fire resistance
2) Heavy timber 3) Ordinary 4) Wood frame 5) Non/Limited combustible |
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What is when rapid spread of flame over one or more surfaces called?
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Flameover |
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When an attack is stalled, what should be done?
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increase ventilation and/or increase waterflow
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When the exterior wind velocity is in excess of _______. How many miles/hour are the chance of a conflagration?
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15mph
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Place in order the 5 building construction types from worst to least threatening to a firefighter who must search above a fire?
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1) Wood frame
2) Ordinary 3) Heavy timber 4) Non/Limited combustible 5) Fire resistant |
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What is rollover?
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Sudden, sporadic flash of flame mixed with smoke appearing at the upper ceiling level just before flashover occurs.
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What color and symbols does an A, B, C, D & K extinguisher have?
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A: Green triangle
B: Red square C: Blue circle D: yellow star K: fire in a frying pan |
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What is an eccentric load?
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When a sign hanging on a parapet wall pulls the wall from the top section and pushes the wall from the bottom section of the sign.
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What are types of rapid fire growth?
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1) Flashover
2) Backdraft 3) Flameover |
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Ways to recognize multiple dwellings are?
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1) Counting gas/electric meters
2) Doorbells/mailboxes 3) Fire escapes |
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The fire problem associated with non-combustible/limited combustible building is?
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1) Contents inside
2) Roofing material (dripping tar) |
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The major fire problem in an ordinary constructed building is?
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The fire and smoke spread throughout concealed spaces, walls, voids and cocklofts.
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Two phrases are often heard when discussing placement of hoses to cut off extension or to protect exposures?
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1) Most severe exposure
2) The exposure most severely threatened |
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What are the 3 command strategy priorities?
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1) Life safety
2) Incident stabilization 3) Property conseration |
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5 major parts of command operations?
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1) Command
2) Finance 3) Logistics 4) Operations 5) Planning |
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6 things that call for additional alarms?
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1) Life hazard greater then available force
2) All companies committed 3) Fire potential greater than available forces 4) Fire forces exhausted, trapped or missing 5) Situation becomes complex 6) Existing tactics not effective |
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Problem areas of location and extent of fire?
(3 things) |
1) The lower the fire is in a Bldg., the more serious the hazard. Since more of the Bldg. is exposed.
2) Below grade: a) lack of horizontal ventilation and b) entire operation must be performed on air, which limits work time 3) Any place that is beyond the reach of ladders |
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Firefighters arriving on the fire ground should ask themselves 6 questions?
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1) What is the occupancy
2) Where are the occupants 3) Where is the fire 4) How do we get in 5) How do we get out when things go wrong 6) What is happening to the building |
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When bar joist and corrugated metal decks are exposed to fire, what is the time frame of failure?
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As little as 5 minutes
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What is a taxpayer?
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A row of stores housed within a single building.
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In deciding where to position the hose lines, what are the following priorities?
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1) Protect life
2) Confine the fire 3) Extinguish fire |
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What major fire problem in a fire-resistive building are?
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HVAC, pipe chases, voids, concealed spaces and Bldg. contents
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What items from the size-up combine to produce the life hazard?
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1) Location and extent of fire
2) Time of day 3) Occupancy |
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What factors determine whether a hose stream will be capable of extinguishing a given structure fire?
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1) Type of stream (fog or solid)
2) Reach of stream 3) Method of attack |
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What is a plan of attack on a taxpayer with backdraft potential?
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1) Hold off on horizontal ventilation and forcible entry
2) Vent the roof first 3) Stand by with 2 1/2 hose line 4) Roof has been vented, do horizontal ventilation of ground level 5) Streamed to be directed onto the fire |
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What is COAL TWAS WEALTHS?
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Coal
Occupancy Apparatus & Manpower Life Hazard Terrain Water Supply Auxiliary Appliances Street Conditions Weather Exposures Area and Height Location and Extent of Fire Time Haz Mat Special Considerations |
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What are soffits?
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False spaces above built-in cabinets, underside of stairways and projecting eaves.
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What does black smoke suggest?
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Presence of petroleum based products
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What does gray to light brown smoke suggest?
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Burning of Class A material
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What are the 6 sides of the fire area?
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1) Front
2) Rear 3) Left 4) Right 5) Top 6) Bottom |
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What is LOVERS U?
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Laddering, Overhaul, Ventilation, Forcible Entry, Rescue, Search/Salvage & Control of Utilities
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What is a secondary search?
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Performed after the fire is under control, an extremely through search
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What are 3 classifications of gates?
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1) Manual
2) Mechanical 3) Electrical |
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Two factors have changed the way firefighters must look at multiple dwellings are?
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1) Vacant Bldg.: have been left un-maintained and opened to the elements for years with repeated fires
2) Lightweight or truss construction |
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What is the scrub area?
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The area a platform can physically touch at a given distance from the building.
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What is when burning of heated gaseous products of combustion when oxygen is introduced into an environment whose oxygen supply has been depleted due to fire?
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Backdraft
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What are the 3 basic tools for a truck company?
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1) Halligan
2) Flathead Ax 3) Some type of hook or pole |
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What are generally accepted indicators of imminent collapse? (But, not necessarily)
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1) Floors or roofs softening
2) Water flowing through bricks 3) Smoke pushing out of mortar joints 4) Strange noises |
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When fighting a cellar fire in a taxpayer, how much hose due you need?
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At least twice the depth of the store plus one single length when you stretch the hose.
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A structural members resistance to collapse by fire because of the nature of its material or assembly is called what?
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Inherent fire resistance
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What is the largest and most serious concealed space?
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Common Cockloft
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The major fire problem of heavy timber is?
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Large wooden interior, timber framework, high radiant heat, oil stained floors and contents
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What are the fire problems of a wood frame?
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1) outside walls
2) Balloon construction 3) Wood truss construction 4) Low content fire loading |
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What does vertical ventilation prevent?
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Prevents back drafts and flashovers
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Who is considered the interior safety officer?
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The back up line
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The mission of search?
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To coordinate the primary search efforts in the area assigned. If no specific area is given, then Search is responsible for searching the entire building
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What are attack company task assignments?
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1) Place attack line between trapped occupants and the fire
2) Place attack line between search team and fire 3) Protect primary means of egress 4) Protect interior exposures 5) Protect exterior exposures 6) Initiate extinguishment from unburned side 7) Operate master streams |
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The mission of attack is?
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To coordinate fire suppression efforts by tactfully placing and directing attack lines to seek out and extinguish all fire in the area assigned and to provide feedback to command.
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What is size-up?
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Continuous evaluation of problems and conditions that effect the outcome of an incident.
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What are RECEO & VS?
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Rescue the firefighter and/or occupants
Exposure control of fire spread Confine and control the fire Extinguish the fire Overhaul the fire Ventilate structure at anytime Salvage property at any time |
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What is an attack teams objective?
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1) Confine the fire to prevent it from spreading
2) To control the fire to area of origin 3) To extinguish the fire 4) Look for extensions 5) Overhaul area |
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What command does?
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1) Sizes-up situation
2) Establish command 3) Using strategic incident priorities sets broad strategic objectives 4) Assigns tactical tasks based on objectives 5) IDs and calls for needed resources |
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What are critical items for the roof team to report to the IC?
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1) Any visible life hazard
2) Size and shape of the building 3) Construction 4) Condition of the roof 5) Fire showing through the roof 6) Threatened exposures 7) Weights resting on the roof (ex. A/C units) 8) Location of parapet walls 9) Shafts 10) Set backs |
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What is a primary search?
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A quick search for live victims before the fire has been brought under control.
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2 emergency maneuvers for use with their SCBA are?
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1) Reduced profile
2) Emergency escape |
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How is primary search usually done?
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Done by checking first as close to the fire as is safe, then working back toward the entrance.
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What are the 3 problematic locations for firefighters?
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1) Top floor void spaces, such as cock loft
2) Below grade fires ( lack of ventilation and entire operation from entry through attack and even relief must be performed in this atmosphere limiting members work time.) 3) Any place that a fire is beyond the reach of ladders for exterior ventilation and access |
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What are the 2 styles of cuts on roll-up doors?
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1) Inverted V
2) 3 cut method |
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Reduced amounts of oxygen produce large amounts of dark gray or yellow gray smoke indicates what?
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Potential for back draft
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What are Impact loads?
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Loads that are delivered in short time.
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What are the 3 types of forces that are applied to a structural member?
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1) Compression
2) Tension (tensile) 3) Torsion (twisting) |
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What is a dead load?
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Weight of the building itself and any equipment permanently attached or built in.
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Name the 5 classes of building construction?
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1) Fire Resistive
2) Non/Limited Combustibles 3) Ordinary 4) Heavy Timber 5) Wood Frame |
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Can a back draft occur in an area that is free burning?
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No
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Multiple dwelling house has at least how many families? |
3
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What does SRO stand for in terms of dwellings?
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Single Room Occupancy
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For multiple dwelling fires what are the 2 greatest threats to the structure?
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1) Pipe Chases
2) Channel Rails |
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What is the most preferred means of reaching the roof of a fire building located in the middle of the row of an attached brick buildings?
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The stairway in an adjoining building.
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What are 3 stages of burning?
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1) Incipient
2) Free Burning 3) Smoldering |
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What are the 3 methods of attack?
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1) Direct
2) Indirect 3) Combination |
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What is a load?
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Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants, their possessions, environmental effect, differential movement and restrained dimensional changes.
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What is a party wall?
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A load bearing wall common to 2 structures.
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Name 2 types of walls often used in non-bearing walls and their differences?
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1) Panel Walls: One story in height
2) Curtain Walls: More than one story |
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What are 2 forms of life hazards?
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Firefighters and civilians
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What are the 4 rules of forcible entry?
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1) Try before you pry
2) Don't ignore the obvious 3) If possible, use door that the occupant uses to enter and exits 4) Maintain the integrity of the door |
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The 3 greatest areas of danger to the occupants during a fire are?
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1) The fire floor
2) The floor above the fire 3) The top floor |
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What are the 7 rules for cutting roofs?
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1) Ensure the stability of the area before entering
2) Always have 2 means of escape 3) Plan the cut and inform other members of its layout 4) Arrange the sequence of cuts to keep wind at you back 5) Cut adjacent to the joists for maximum support 6) Never step on the cut 7) Don't cut the roof supports |
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Who should be responsible for maintaining the proper pressure from the standpipe outlet?
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A member with a radio stationed at the outlet.
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Roof operations on a taxpayer require how many members and what tools?
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At least 6 members
Tools: 2 saws, 4 Hooks, 2 Axes and 2 Halligan bars |
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What are the 3 operating modes and why?
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1) Offensive: That sufficient resources are available to perform the needed tasks.
2) Defensive: Massive body of fire that is beyond the control of responding units. 3) No Attack/Take no action: when conditions pose an undue threat to firefighters lives such as a potential BLEVE. |
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When planning water supply requirements for a well involved two story home without exposures, you should plan for about how many GPM?
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400-600 GPM
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When operating from a 500 gallon booster tank, how long can you maintain an effective fire stream through a 1 3/4 line at its designed flow?
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2 1/2 minutes
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Where should you begin searching when entering the area directly above the fire?
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At the door to the area and working in toward where the fire is below.
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what is a dirty bomb
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a bomb consists of a highly radioactive material that is wrapped around an ordinary explosive.
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what is the voltage difference of transmission line, distribution line & low voltage line
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1)transmission will exceed 8,000 volts
2)distribution is from 601-8,000 volts 3)low voltage up to 600 volts |
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what is used to cool generators at generator plants.
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hydrogen note:highly flammable and often ignited immediately in the event of a leak. when hydrogen burns, it has very pale flame that can be invisible during the day.
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the 20 minute (for possible collapse during a fire that's not under control) rule applies to what two types of construction |
class 3 ordinary & class 5 wood frame ( this time frame starts, when flashover is reached and has begun attacking the structural elements)
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what are the 4 concerns of construction in relation to fire
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1) degree of compartmentation of bldg. which can thwart or promote the spread of fire.
2) bldg itself contributes to fire load 3) number of hidden voids 4) the ability of a bldg to resist collapse when threatened |
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what 2 concerns when giving a size-up of a bldg, that would indicate maximum potential fire area
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area & height
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what are the gpm/100 sq ft for residential, commercial & industrial
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residential 15 gpm/100 sq ft
commercial 35 gpm/100 sq ft industrial 50-60 gpm/100 sq ft |
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what factors affect hoseline selection & placement
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1) occupancy
2) construction 3) area & height 4) location & extent of fire |
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What is shear strength? |
the resistance a material has to being pulled in opposite directions. |
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what is ventilation |
Process of removing the toxic products of combustion and replacing them with fresh air. |
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factors that influence the choice of vertical or horizontal ventilation? |
1) size and location of the fire 2) the construction of the bldg. 3) available staffing 4) effects of the weather, especially wind |
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what is a churning effect? |
results in some air from the outside being drawn into the building to be blown out again through the fan. |
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what is the quick way to get water on the fire when its between the original roof and rain roof? |
cellar nozzle or distributor |
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what is insulspan panel |
it is made of Styrofoam insulation, which is sandwiched between two layers of oriented strand board (OSB). NOTE:Found in new garden apartment and townhouse developments. |
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about how far from the main vent hole on the roof, should the trench cut be made? |
about 20-25 feet away |
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What 6 things should a chief in command of the rescue effort consider? |
1)Are operating members still fighting the fire\ 2)Is the area of access or egress being blocked by members who aren't an active part of the rescue effort 3)Does the rescue effort need the support of a hoseline 4)Is specialized equipment needed to complete rescue 5)Is there a tactic that could help mitigate conditions in the area where the rescue is taking place 6)Is EMS on standby |
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Fuel oils com in several different grades, what are they? |
No. 1 lightest of the fuel oils, similar to kerosene No. 2 most common oil for 1& 2 family homes No. 3 oil not commonly found No. 4 used in midsize applications such as apartments and factories. Requires no preheating No. 5 more impurities than No. 4, may require preheating to get oil to flow easier. No. 6 heaviest heating oil and requires preheating. * Both 5 & 6 are primarily industrial oils used in large plants and apartment complexes. |
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What are the flash points of fuel oils? |
No. 1 & 2 minimum of 100F No. 3 no longer commonly found No. 4 & 5 minimum of 130F No. 6 minimum of 150F
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What is a White Ghost in reference to oil burners and what major problem can occur? |
It is a cloud of vaporized oil and air heated above its flash point and out of its container. Most dangerous, especially in looking for a source of ignition. This will cause a fuel-air explosion that can blow down walls and floors. |
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What are acceptable levels of CO in residential and commercial? |
Residential is 9 PPM Commercial is 35 PPM (where no one sleeps) |
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What are the 3 components to electricity? |
1) volts-force or electrical potential difference (like water pressure) 2) ohms-measure of resistance (like water friction loss) 3) amps-flow rate (similar to water as gpm) |
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An electrical circuit that does not permit electirecity to flow because their is a break in the circuit wire? |
Open Circuit |
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10 Most common causes of structural collapse on the fireground |
1) Structural weakness due to faults in design 2) Fire damage to wooden structural members 3) Heating of unprotected steel 4) Failure of highly heated cast iron columns 5) Explosions of fuels, explosives or backdraft 6) Overloading of the floor & expansion of absorbent materials 7) Overloading of floors and roof 8) Cutting or removing structural members 9) Vibration and impact load 10) Misc.-high winds, flooding & water main damage |
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Name 5 types of collapses |
1) V-shape 2) A-frame 3) Supported lean-to 4) Unsupported lean-to, aka cantilever 5) Pancake |
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What is a unsupported lean-to collapse |
The floor or roof joists end up dangling in midair, held only by their attachment at the remaining standing wall. The low end is totally unsupported. |
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What are the 5 stages of the collapse rescue plan |
1) Reconnaissance 2) Accounting for and removal of the surface victims 3) Searching voids 4) Selected debris removal and tunneling 5) General debris removal (most often done by a contractor) |
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what is the most efficient tool for pulling tin ceilings
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halligan hook
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In older multiple dwellings that runs from ground level to the roof, leading to rapid mushrooming on upper floors is? |
open interior stairway |
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what creates a spray that knocks down the fire in the immediate fire room when using the floor-below nozzle? |
Stream bouncing off the ceiling |
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Where should the pumper normally be placed at the collapse incident scene? |
Outside the fire block: a pumper stands a better chance at maintaining its water supply and front of building most be kept clear for aerial, heavy rescue, heavy equipment, etc. |
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Determining if a bldg. is class I or class III, what can be the difference? |
Fire escapes and cockloft vents will likely be class III and if you don't find any chances are its a class I |
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What is one of the most beneficial places to spot the pumper at a fire in a commercial building? |
In line with and across the street from the fire store. |
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Removing HUD windows from the exterior should never be attempted from what? |
Portable ladder, cover could fall uncontrollably. |
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What is the preferred way to put water on the area of a trapped firefighter after a collapse? |
Tower ladder stream is the most versatile, maneuverable heavy stream available. |
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Approximately what amount of ladder's height is lost due to the necessary climbing angle of 70% that must be achieved? |
6% |
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What is the first activity that should be performed when using an elevated platform to apply water to a building under construction? |
Clear all personnel from areas in the streets below on the sides opposite the nozzle. |
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What can be added to increase the flow to an inline pumping engine? |
Second pumper |
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What is the maximum number of lengths of 1 1/2 hose can be used as a preconnect if you want to flow 125gpm? |
4 lengths |
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What keeps the shell cool in a LPG cylinder as it is heated by flame contact, this before apply water? |
Propane liquid itself absorbs the heat. |
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A fully protected rescuer, operating only in areas where there are still live victims, should be able to perform rescues for up to how many minutes without suffering serious effects? |
30 minutes |
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What is the first thing that should be done if you are cut off by extending fire? |
Find an area of refuge and then call for help. |
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What is most often the ignition source for roach bombs? |
Pilot light on the stove. |
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What is the maximum size floor space that firefighters can extinguish fires with a hose line? |
5,000 sqf |
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there are 2 things that create smoke pressure?
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heat & restricted volume
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what should the firefighter be alerted to the possibility of finding in large, open occupancies?
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truss construction
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what is used to determine the amount of pressure you can afford to lose due to friction loss or elevation pressure?
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subtract minimum end pressure from the starting flow pressure.
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what will delete the effect of the steam generated using the indirect attack method?
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ventilation openings
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what is the usual spacing between bowstring trusses and the size gap it leaves if one truss collapses?
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Usually 20' spacing and a gap of 40' if one collapsed.
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what is the collapse zone of a bowstring truss that involves hip rafters?
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2 1/2 times the height.
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common to all open web trusses is the large void spaces that they create. Brannigan first termed this void as what?
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truss loft
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where should you look for clues of the cause and nature of the explosive event?
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Debris
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what is reflex time?
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time it takes to respond and set up operations.
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what are the minimum sizes for wood columns and girders in heavy timber?
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columns are at least 8x8 and girders are at least 6x10.
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in dry pipe sprinkler systems, what is water columning?
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occurs when the water above the clapper is so high that it's weight will hold clapper closed, even after a sprinkler has opened and air has bled out.
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what are the weather temperatures that are extreme to operating forces?
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below 40 and above 85
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