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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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• Most frequently analyzed nonblood body fluid • Readily available, easy to collect, & inexpensive to test |
Urine |
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• most commonly requested urine test • screens for urinary and systemic disorders • part of a physical examination |
Routine Urinalysis |
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Routine Urinalysis includes |
•Physical •Chemical •Microscopic Analysis |
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• Color • Clarity • Specific gravity (SG) • Odor • V olume • Osmolality |
Physical Analysis or Macroscopic Observation |
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Indicates urin concentartion in physical analysis |
Specific Gravity Osmolality |
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• plastic reagent strip (dipstick) • contains pads impregnated with test reagents • Special timing • Results are reported as : • Negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+ , 4+ |
Chemical Analysis |
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•cells, crystals, and microorganisms •urine is centrifuged•supernatant is discarded•a drop of sediment is placed either on a glass slide, covered with coverslip •examined under the microscope
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Microscopic Analysis |
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• Container: clear , dry • chemically clean • with tight-fitting lids • culture & sensitivity (C&S) – sterile • transported to the laboratory promptly • room temp. & protected from light =up to 2 hrs • Specimens held longer should be refrigerated
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Urine Collection |
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culture and sensitivity must be |
Sterile |
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• room temp. & protected from light up to |
2 hrs |
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Urine • Specimens held longer should be |
Refrigerated |
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•First morning urine•Midstream, clean catch•WBCs and bacteria
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Routine Urinalysis |
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•Bacterial Count •100,000 cfu/ml
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Urine Culture |
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Urine Culture |
•Bacterial Count •100 000 cfu/ml |
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• To confirm urinary tract infection (UTI) • measured urine on a special nutrient medium |
Urine Culture |
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urine culture is incubated for how long |
18-24 hours |
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temperature for incubation |
35-37 °C (Body Temperature) |
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- Sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility test performed to determine which antibiotics will be effective against the microorganism |
Urine Culture and sensitivity |
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•to detect cancer, cytomegalovirus, and other -viral and inflammatory diseases of the UT •smear containing cells from the UT • presence of abnormal cells under a microscope |
Urine Cytology Studies |
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what stain is used in urine cytology studies |
Papanicolaou Stain (Pap Stain) |
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what urine specimen is used in urine cytology studies |
Fresh Clean Catch |
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• examined as soon after collection as possible |
Urine Cytology Studies |
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how to preserve urine cytology studies |
equal volume of 50% alchohol |
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• to detect illegal use of – recreational drugs – anabolic steroids to enhance performance – unwarranted prescription drugs |
Urine Drug Screening
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what sample is used in urine drug screeniblng |
Random Sample |
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drugs that enhances performance |
Anabolic Steroids |
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competition for binding antibody between drug conjugate and free drug |
Competitive Bonding Assay |
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Increase in glucose level |
Diabetes Mellitus |
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roblem in kidney, normal glucose level |
renal disease |
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caused by fats converted to ketones |
Diabetic Ketoacidosis |
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are created when the body breaks down fat for energy because the: |
Ketones |
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What substance in urine is being tested in pregnancy |
•human chorionic gonadotropin Hormones (HCG) |
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produaced by cells within the developing placenta |
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormones (HCG) |
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HCG appears after |
8-10 Days after conception |
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HCG can also appear in the urine of patients with certain types of |
Cancer |
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what is the specimen in pregnancy testibg |
random urine specimen |
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what is the preffered specimen for pregnancy testing |
First Morning Urine |
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a urine – can be collected at any time |
Random Urine Specimen |
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A Urine first voided specimen/ overnight specimen – collected in the morning after 8 hours of sleep – most concentrated sample, higher sp. gravity |
First Mornibg Specimen/ 8 Hour Specimen |
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a urine specimen – glucose monitoring |
Fasting/ Second Morning Specimen |
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• individual urine specimens collected at • specific times • collection and pooling of urine throughout a • specific time period |
Timed Specimen |
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• collection of urine at specific times • traditional standard glucose tolerance test – (GTT) specimens collected serially at specific – times that correspond with the timing of – blood collection |
Tolerance test specimen |
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types of timing collectiob |
•1Hr •2 Hr 1/2 Hr •1/2 Hr•Fasting •Fasting |
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• 2 hours after meal and tested for glucose • to monitor the insulin therapy of patients w/DM • void shortly before consuming a normal meal • then collect a specimen 2 hours later |
2 hour post prandial |
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• quantitative analysis • large, clean, preferably wide-mouth container • Add preservative prior to collection • or refrigerate throughout the collection period |
24-hour specimen |
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24-hour specimen is used to test |
Diurnal Variation |
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• Specimen tested at 2 specific times • requires emptying the bladder and then waiting a specified amount of time (typically 30 minutes) before collecting the specimen • for glucose and ketones |
Double Voided Specimen |
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• patient voids the initial urine flow into the toilet • mid flow urine is collected into a specimen container • last of the urine flow is voided into the toilet |
Midstream |
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• sterile container for microbial analysis or culture and sensitivity testing • Special cleaning of the genital area is required |
Midstream Clean Catch |
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• collected from a sterile catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder • collected when a patient is having trouble voiding or is already catheterized |
Catheterization |
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• aspirate the urine directly from the bladder using a needle • Transfer into a sterile urine container or tube • for microbial analysis or cytology studies • uncontaminated samples from infants and young children |
Subprapubic Collection |
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• plastic urine collection bag with hypoallergenic skin adhesive |
Pediatric Urine Collection |
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• Clear, colorless fluid • surrounds the brain and spinal cord |
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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whee does CSF being collected |
Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture) |
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csf fluid is collected where in adults |
3rd and 4th lumbar vertebra |
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caf fluid is collected where in young/neonates |
between 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae |
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what is the volume of csf |
Small Volume 1 tube |
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order if collection of csf |
•Chemistry and serology •Microbiology •Henatology |
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how to preserve csf for chemistry and serology |
Freeze |
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how to preserve csf for microbiology |
room temperature |
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how to preserve csf for hematology |
refrigerate |
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• clear , almost colorless to pale-yellow fluid • fills the membrane (amnion or amniotic sac) |
Amniotic Fluid |
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• surrounds and cushions a fetus in the uterus |
Amniotic Fluid |
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Amniotic Fluid is collected afer |
15 weeks if gestation |
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what is the collected volume of amniotic fluid by the physician |
10ml |
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amniotic fluids help detect |
•Genetic Disorders •Hemolytic Disease •Gestational Age •Fetal Development |
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what is used in amniotic fluid to detec fetal development |
alpha-fetoprotein |
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act as surfactants to keep the alveoli of the lungs inflated |
Phospolipids |
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• immature lungs : L/S ratio is less than |
2 |
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• to evaluate stomach acid production • basal gastric analysis: aspirating gastric fluid by means of a tube passed through the mouth or nose into the stomach after a period of fasting • tested to determine acidity |
Gastric Fluid |
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Gastric Stimulants |
•Histamin •Pentagastrin |
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Gastric Stimulants are administered |
Intravenously |
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• to monitor hormone levels • to detect alcohol and drug abuse • drugs in saliva indicates recent drug use • typically frozen to ensure stability and sent to a laboratory for testing |
Saliva |
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• sperm-containing thick, yellowish-white fluid • discharged during male ejaculation |
Semen |
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preferred method of collection of semen |
Masturbation |
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• to assess fertility • to determine the effectiveness of vasectomy • examined for forensic (or legal) reasons • sterile or chemically clean containers • must be kept warm (body temp) • protected from light • delivered to the lab immediately |
Semen |
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Basic examinations of Semen |
•Sperm Concentration •Motility •Morphology Percebtage |
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•pale-yellow , watery, serum-like fluid •found between the double-layered membranes enclosing the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities•normally present in small amounts•volumes increase in inflammation or infection
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Serous Fluids |
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increase in fluid volume of serpus fluids |
Effusion |
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pericardial cavity ( heart) |
Pericardial Fluid |
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Abdominal Cavity |
Peritoneal Fluid |
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Pleural cavity |
Pleural Fluid |
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• mucus and phlegm • ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through deep coughing |
Sputum |
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sputum indications: diagnosis or monitoring of |
•Lower Respiratory Tract infections •Tuberculosis |
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TB is caused by |
Myobacterium Tubercolosis |
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sputum is what specimen |
First Morning Specimen |
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required volume of sputum |
3-5 ml |
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what is the required temperature of sputum |
room temperature |
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• Nasopharynx : nasal cavity and pharynx • To detect the presence of microorganisms causing diphtheria, meningitis, pertussis &pneumonia |
Nasopharyngeal Excretions |
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inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body |
cyatic fibrosis |
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to make patient swear |
• pilocarpine into the skin by iontophoresis |
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preferred site in collecting sweat |
Forearm |
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• diagnosis of streptococcal (strep) infections • collected using a special kit containing a sterile polyester-tipped swab in a covered transport tube containing transport medium |
throat swab |
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what infections can be diagnosed in using a throat swab |
streptococcal infections |
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• clear , pale-yellow, viscous fluid • lubricates and decreases friction in movable joints • normally occurs in small amounts • increases when inflammation is present • identify or differentiate arthritis, gout, and other inflammatory conditions |
Synovial Fluids |
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synovial fluid is collected in three tubes |
•EDTA Tubes/Heparin Tubes •Sterile Tubes •Non Additive Tubes |
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• less invasive, painless alternative to blood collection for obtaining cells for DNA analysis • gently massage the mouth on the inside of the cheek with a special swab • DNA is later extracted from cells on the swab • less invasive, painless alternative to blood collection for obtaining cells for DNA analysis • gently massage the mouth on the inside of the cheek with a special swab • DNA is later extracted from cells on the swab |
Buccal Swab |
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site of blood cell production |
Bone Marrow |
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• examined to detect and identify blood diseases • chromosome studies • bacterial cultures |
Bone Marrow Aspirate |
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– To detect presence of Helicobacter pylori – damage lining of the stomach – causes chronic gastritis |
C-urea Breath test |
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– Helps identify problems with digestion of lactose & fructose – Thought to be most accurate lactose tolerance test – Also used to detect bacterial overgrowth in small intestine |
Hydrogen Breath Test |
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• helpful in the evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders • Stool specimens can be: – Evaluated for presence of intestinal parasites & their eggs – Checked for fat & urobilinogen content – Cultured to detect presence of pathogenic bacteria & viruses – Tested for presence of occult blood using stool test |
Feces or Stool |
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- test for fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) • meat-free diet for 3 days prior to the test • collect separate specimens for 3 successive days • Cards can be mailed in or brought to the lab after collection |
Hematest and Hemoccult |
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• for trace and heavy metal analysis • detection of drugs of abuse • easy to obtain and cannot easily be altered or tampered • shows evidence of chronic drug use rather than recent use |
Hair |
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• from biopsies • Preservative: formalin or other suitable solutions • tissues for genetic analysis should not be put in formalin • Improper handling can ruin a specimen |
Tissue Specimens |
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• Physician inserts a special large-gauge needle into the bone marrow in the iliac crest (hip bone) or sternum (breastbone) • Hematology technologist makes special slides |
Bone Marrow Collection |
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site of bone marrow collectio |
Iliac crest sternum |
